Clearly, the increasing prevalence of bee diseases – with a
significant role of bee viruses – contributes to the current decline
in honey bee populations.

Some bee viruses may depend on Nosema. Black Queen Cell Virus does not
readily multiply when ingested by young worker larvae or when fed
alone to young adult bees. The virus was totally dependent on N. apis
for infection of adult bees by ingestion and shortened their life more
than that of adult bees infected only with the parasite (Bailey et
al., 1983a).

Continue to horizon scan for other pests and diseases. Many thought
that Varroa was the last great threat to world apiculture but then
Aethina came to dinner. We must not take our eyes off the ball. The
huge level of colony losses in Spain reportedly caused by Nosema
ceranae is another example. Who would have predicted these?

Whether we like it or not, global trade in bees and their commodities
is a reality. The risks both in terms of animal health, food safety
and biodiversity can be reduced with better compliance from industry
... education and extension programmes in partnership with beekeeping
organisations can play a major role in this area.

from:

Virology and the Honey Bee
edited by
Michel AUBERT,
Brenda BALL,
Ingemar FRIES,
Robin MORITZ,
Norberto MILANI and
Iris BERNARDINELLI
2008

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