In a message dated 15/05/2011 21:25:38 GMT Daylight Time,  
[log in to unmask] writes:
 
"I do know that in the yards of people claiming CCD I find nosema  
ceranae."   How do you know it is Nosema ceranae?  It is so  similar to N. apis 
through a microscope that the experienced staff at the  National Bee Unit at 
York use a PCR to confirm their diagnosis via their  DNA.
 
"The research of Bailey showed that few virus issues happen in hives when  
varroa is not present."  Certainly Norman Carreck (who worked with Bailey)  
says this, but my memory tells me that Bailey's work, which mostly pre-dated 
 varroa over here (UK), indicated that having too many hives in one place 
was the  main cause of some virus problems.
 
Chris





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