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Informed Discussion of Beekeeping Issues and Bee Biology

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Subject:
From:
Randy Oliver <[log in to unmask]>
Reply To:
Informed Discussion of Beekeeping Issues and Bee Biology <[log in to unmask]>
Date:
Tue, 9 Jan 2024 13:29:23 -0800
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>
> *one of the criteria commonly used for defining pain in animals:
> “motivational trade-offs.”
>

Would  would taking a longer route to fly around an object be considered to
be a motivational tradeof?  No "pain' would be involved.

>
>
>

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