> Go to : |Weekly edition |THE HINDU Main Menu|
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> Viral disease of bee
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
> Date: 18-01-1996 :: Pg: 28 :: Col: a
>
> Cl: Agri & Horticulture
>
> OUTBREAK of thai sac brood virus disease (TSBV) in 1991-
> 92 took a heavy toll of Indian bee (Apis cerana indica F.
> )colonies in Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
>
> The Italian bee Apis mellifera (L.) is resistant to TSBV.
> The Kerala Agricultural University introduced 60 colonies of
> Italian bees from Haryana in 1992 on a trial basis for evaluating
> its adaptability in Kerala. In addition to this, some private
> agencies also distributed over 1,000 colonies to progressive bee
> keepers.
>
> An ectoparasitic mite Tropilaelaps clareae has been found
> to infest colonies of A. mellifera causing heavy mortality.
> Natives of South East Asia, the mite's original host is the rock
> bee Apis dorsata. But now they infest colonies of both the Indian
> bee and Italian bee posing a serious threat to the latter.
>
> Another species T. koenigerum has recently been reported
> to infest A. dorsata in Philippines and Sri Lanka.
>
> Tropilaelaps though small can be seen by trained eyes.
> When present in large numbers, they can be seen moving rapidly on
> the surface of the combs.
>
> The adult female mite is light reddish-brown with an oval
> shaped body about 0.96 mm in length and 0.55 mm in width. The
> entire body is covered with short setae.
>
> Mite infestation is observed almost throughout the year,
> though it is more severe during active brood rearing periods. The
> gravid female mites gain entry into the cells before they are
> capped and after cell capping lay eggs on the wall.
>
> The nymphs on hatching feed on the haemolymph of bee
> pupae and adult mites finally emerge out from these infested
> cells. As many as 14 adult mites and 10 nymphal mites have been
> observed in a single cell.
>
> Adult bees do not emerge or affected brood develops into
> deformed adults. These mites cannot pierce the body wall of adult
> bees, but may steal food from their mouths. However, it cannot
> survive in bee colonies outside their brood cells for more than
> one or two days.
>
> In heavily infested colonies, bees with deformed wings
> can be observed crawling about the vicinity of the hive entrance
> and on the comb surfaces, while pieces of dead bee brood
> evacuated from the hive by the honey bees can be seen in front of
> the entrance.
>
> Inspection of hives severely infested by the mite reveals
> an irregular pattern of sealed and unsealed brood. Their presence
> can be confirmed by opening the sealed cells gently and looking 0};3
> for the presence of the mite. If mites are present, adult females
> will be seen moving rapidly out of the cells. In unattended
> colonies mite infestation can be very severe, resulting in poor
> colony growth.
>
> This can be controlled by chemotherapeutic treatment and
> colony manipulation techniques. Dusting sulphur on the top bars
> of the frames at the rate of 200 mg/frame at weekly intervals for
> 2-3 weeks control the mite. As a prophylactic measure, the
> dusting can be done once in a month during the active brood
> rearing season.
>
> In infested colonies brood rearing may be manipulated so
> that the mites do not get sealed or unsealed brood for at least> Go to : |Weekly edition |THE HINDU Main Menu|
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> Viral disease of bee
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
> Date: 18-01-1996 :: Pg: 28 :: Col: a
>
> Cl: Agri & Horticulture
>
> OUTBREAK of thai sac brood virus disease (TSBV) in 1991-
> 92 took a heavy toll of Indian bee (Apis cerana indica F.
> )colonies in Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
>
> The Italian bee Apis mellifera (L.) is resistant to TSBV.
> The Kerala Agricultural University introduced 60 colonies of
> Italian bees from Haryana in 1992 on a trial basis for evaluating
> its adaptability in Kerala. In addition to this, some private
> agencies also distributed over 1,000 colonies to progressive bee
> keepers.
>
> An ectoparasitic mite Tropilaelaps clareae has been found
> to infest colonies of A. mellifera causing heavy mortality.
> Natives of South East Asia, the mite's original host is the rock
> bee Apis dorsata. But now they infest colonies of both the Indian
> bee and Italian bee posing a serious threat to the latter.
>
> Another species T. koenigerum has recently been reported
> to infest A. dorsata in Philippines and Sri Lanka.
>
> Tropilaelaps though small can be seen by trained eyes.
> When present in large numbers, they can be seen moving rapidly on
> the surface of the combs.
>
> The adult female mite is light reddish-brown with an oval
> shaped body about 0.96 mm in length and 0.55 mm in width. The
> entire body is covered with short setae.
>
> Mite infestation is observed almost throughout the year,
> though it is more severe during active brood rearing periods. The
> gravid female mites gain entry into the cells before they are
> capped and after cell capping lay eggs on the wall.
>
> The nymphs on hatching feed on the haemolymph of bee
> pupae and adult mites finally emerge out from these infested
> cells. As many as 14 adult mites and 10 nymphal mites have been
> observed in a single cell.
>
> Adult bees do not emerge or affected brood develops into
> deformed adults. These mites cannot pierce the body wall of adult
> bees, but may steal food from their mouths. However, it cannot
> survive in bee colonies outside their brood cells for more than
> one or two days.
>
> In heavily infested colonies, bees with deformed wings
> can be observed crawling about the vicinity of the hive entrance
> and on the comb surfaces, while pieces of dead bee brood
> evacuated from the hive by the honey bees can be seen in front of
> the entrance.
>
> Inspection of hives severely infested by the mite reveals
> an irregular pattern of sealed and unsealed brood. Their presence
> can be confirmed by opening the sealed cells gently and looking 0};3
> for the presence of the mite. If mites are present, adult females
> will be seen moving rapidly out of the cells. In unattended
> colonies mite infestation can be very severe, resulting in poor
> colony growth.
>
> This can be controlled by chemotherapeutic treatment and
> colony manipulation techniques. Dusting sulphur on the top bars
> of the frames at the rate of 200 mg/frame at weekly intervals for
> 2-3 weeks control the mite. As a prophylactic measure, the
> dusting can be done once in a month during the active brood
> rearing season.
>
> In infested colonies brood rearing may be manipulated so
> that the mites do not get sealed or unsealed brood for at least
> three consecutive days.
>
> During this period, a large proportion of the mite
> population will starve to death. For this both sealed and
> unsealed brood comb frames from the infested colonies are removed
> and put in new hives.
>
> Before the new larvae hatch, the hives so manipulated
> will be short of brood for 2-3 days. The new hives in which the
> removed frames are kept can be supplied with mated queens which
> are caged for about 14 days. As a result no new brood will be
> reared during this period.
>
> ]#
> S. Devanesan and Abraham Jacob
>
> 00]
> Department of Agricultural Entomology
>
> ``]
> College of Agriculture, Vellayani-695 522
>
> ll]'
> Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
>
>
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> Go to : |Weekly edition |THE HINDU Main Menu|
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
> Copyright © 1995 THE HINDU & PARALOGIC CORPORATION.
> three consecutive days.
>
> During this period, a large proportion of the mite
> population will starve to death. For this both sealed and
> unsealed brood comb frames from the infested colonies are removed
> and put in new hives.
>
> Before the new larvae hatch, the hives so manipulated
> will be short of brood for 2-3 days. The new hives in which the
> removed frames are kept can be supplied with mated queens which
> are caged for about 14 days. As a result no new brood will be
> reared during this period.
>
> ]#
> S. Devanesan and Abraham Jacob
>
> 00]
> Department of Agricultural Entomology
>
> ``]
> College of Agriculture, Vellayani-695 522
>
> ll]'
> Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
>
>
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> Go to : |Weekly edition |THE HINDU Main Menu|
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
> Copyright © 1995 THE HINDU & PARALOGIC CORPORATION.
http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960120/02/1828a.html
In the document, Chemothereapeutic treatment and dusting with sulphur
are two ways to treat for (varroa?. Can sone one explain how
chemotherapeutic theatments on bees work and has studies on the use of
solphur been done?
Thanks
Don
|
