> Even MAQS, which do not kill all the mites when brood is present, could fit.

No treatment kills "all the mites." However, following Guthrie, 2018:

> formic acid, will penetrate the wax capping to impact the immature developing mites (Calis et al., 1998).

she also states

> the use of samples of approximately 300 bees from the uppermost brood box is generally considered to provide acceptable precision and is the gold standard (Lee et al., 2010). It is unclear if these methods are underutilized due to a lack of knowledge, the work required compared to other methods, or other reasons.

Alessia Dianne Guthrie. Honey bee health and productivity in Ontario, Canada: a multifactorial epidemiological approach. University of Guelph, 2018

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