.Fumagillin treatment ... may have unintended effects on the

> honey bee host, ultimately contributing to increased prevalence
> and pathogenicity of N. ceranae.


The findings of the above study are of great interest, and the result of
bringing in nosema experts from outside the field of apiculture.  The
researchers did some very clever experiments.

One of the findings is that nosema spore transmission is not via
regurgitation of gut contents or via the hypopharyngeal glands, but appears
rather to be by mouthpart contamination.

The findings of the  N. ceranae spore hyperproliferation at low (1/1000)
dose may help to explain observations in the field.

As always, one must do a cost/benefit analysis with any treatment of
livestock.  Honey bees are no exception.

-- 
Randy Oliver
Grass Valley, CA
www.ScientificBeekeeping.com

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