>> Seeley (1978) reported that 79% of queens survived for one year in
 >> unmanaged colonies, 26% for 2 years, and no queen survived 3 years.
<etc.>

Queen longevity is related to the number of eggs she lays.  I suspect
that more conservative strains or bees managed without stimulation or
in constrictive hives will have longer lives.

Migratory beekeepers who force their bees in preparation for a
succession of pollination tasks are reported to see shorter queen life.

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