My personal feeling is that any pesticide is a poison, though we
attempt to apply it in ways that affect only the target population.
Nevertheless, here are the report results on Fluvalinate, for general
consumption.
Susan Nielsen
[log in to unmask]
================= Begin forwarded message =================
E X T O X N E T
EXTENSION TOXICOLOGY NETWORK
A Pesticide Information Project of Cooperative Extension Offices
at Cornell University, Michigan State University, Oregon State
University, and University of California at Davis. Major support
and funding was provided by the USDA/Extension Service/National
Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program.
Revised 9/93.
EXTOXNET primary files maintained and archived at Oregon State
University.
FLUVALINATE
TRADE OR OTHER NAMES
Some trade names include Klartan, Mavrik, Mavrik Aqua Flow,
Spur and Yardex.
REGULATORY STATUS
Pesticides containing fluvalinate must bear the signal word
"Danger" on the product label (1). Fluvalinate is classified as
a Restricted Use Pesticide (RUP) because of its high toxicity to
fish and aquatic invertebrates (5). Restricted Use Pesticides
may be purchased and used only by certified applicators.
INTRODUCTION
Fluvalinate is a synthetic pyrethroid which is used as a
broad spectrum insecticide against moths, beetles and Hemipteran
insect pests on cotton, cereal, grape, potato, fruit tree,
vegetable and plantation crops, fleas, turf and ornamental
insects. It has both stomach and contact activity in target
insects and is available in emulsifiable concentrate and
flowable formulations (1).
TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS
ACUTE TOXICITY
Fluvalinate is a moderately toxic material (1, 5).
Fluvalinate is moderately irritating to the eye and it is a
mild skin irritant (5). Fluvalinate does not cause allergic skin
reactions (5). Some formulated products, including Mavrik 2E,
can cause skin irritation and are corrosive to the eyes (3).
Workers exposed to fluvalinate have reported coughing,
sneezing, throat irritation, itching or burning sensations on the
arms or face with or without a rash, headache and nausea (5).
The amount of a chemical that is lethal to one-half (50%) of
experimental animals fed the material is referred to as its acute
oral lethal dose fifty, or LD50. The oral LD50 for technical
fluvalinate in rats is 261 to 282 mg/kg (1, 5). The oral LD50
for the product Mavrik 2E in rats is 1,050 to 1,110 mg/kg (3).
The dermal LD50 for technical fluvalinate in rats and rabbits is
> 20,000 mg/kg (1, 5). The dermal LD50 for Mavrik 2E in rabbits
is > 2,100 mg/kg (3).
CHRONIC TOXICITY
A 90-day study with rats fed 3 mg/kg/day and a 6-month study
with dogs fed 5 mg/kg/day both showed no adverse effects (5).
Reproductive Effects
A reproductive study with rats showed no effects on
offspring at 1 mg/kg. Toxic effects in fetuses occurred at 12.5
and 25 mg/kg, the highest dose tested (5).
Teratogenic Effects
EPA reports that no birth defects were detected in the
offspring of rats fed 50 mg/kg nor in the offspring of rabbits
fed 125 mg/kg (5).
Mutagenic Effects
Fluvalinate is not mutagenic (5).
Carcinogenic Effects
No tumors were observed in mice given doses of up to 20
mg/kg/day, nor in rats given doses as high as 2.5 mg/kg/day (5).
Organ Toxicity
Pyrethroids may cause adverse effects on the central nervous
system. Long-term feeding studies have caused increased liver and
kidney weights and adverse changes to liver tissues in test
animals (4). No neurological effects were observed in hens given
doses of 20,000 mg/kg/day of fluvalinate for 21 days (5).
Fate in Humans and Animals
No information was found.
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Effects on Birds
Fluvalinate is slightly toxic to birds. The acute oral LD50
for fluvalinate in bobwhite quail is > 2,510 mg/kg. The dietary
LC50 for fluvalinate in mallard ducks and bobwhite quail is >
5,620 ppm (5).
Effects on Aquatic Organisms
Fluvalinate is highly toxic to fish (1). The 96-hour LC50
for fluvalinate in bluegill sunfish is 0.09 ug/l, and in rainbow
trout is 2.9 ug/l. Its 48-hour LC50 in Daphnia magna, a small
freshwater crustacean, is 74 ug/l, and in mysid shrimp is 2.9
ug/l (5).
Pyrethroid insecticides are extremely toxic to fish with 96-
hour LC50 values generally below 10 ug/l. Corresponding LD50
values in mammals and birds are in the range of several hundred
to several thousand mg/kg. Fish sensitivity to the pyrethroids
may be explained by their relatively slow metabolism and
elimination of these compounds. The half-lives for elimination
of several pyrethroids by trout are all greater than 48 hours,
while elimination half-lives for birds and mammals range from 6
to 12 hours (8).
Generally, the lethality of pyrethroids to fish increases
with increasing octanol/water partition coefficients (9).
Effects on Other Animals (Nontarget species)
Fluvalinate was not toxic to honeybees exposed to residues
left on cotton leaves after application of ultralow volume (ULV)
and emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations (6).
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
Breakdown of Chemical in Soil and Groundwater
Fluvalinate is nearly insoluble in water and it has a strong
tendency to bind to soil particles. It is therefore unlikely to
contaminate groundwater, however metabolites of fluvalinate may
leach (2, 5). Applications of less than 0.1 pounds of active
ingredient per acre will decrease the potential for groundwater
contamination (5). Its soil half-life is 30 days (2). In sandy
loam, sandy clay and clay soils, fluvalinate degrades under
aerobic conditions with half-lives of 4 to 8 days. Under
anaerobic conditions in sandy loam, its half-life is 15 days (5).
Fluvalinate is stable to hydrolysis under normal
environmental temperatures and pH (5). Photodegradation of
fluvalinate does not occur on soil (5).
Breakdown of Chemical in Surface Water
In aqueous solution, fluvalinate is subject to
photodegradation with a half-life of 0.6 to 1 days.
Photodegradation yields anilino acid and 3-phenoxy benzoic acid
(5).
In pond waters and in laboratory degradation studies,
pyrethroid concentrations decrease rapidly due to sorption to
sediment, suspended particles and plants. Microbial and
photodegradation also occur (7).
Breakdown of Chemical in Vegetation
No information was found.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND GUIDELINES
Fluvalinate is a viscous, yellow oil (1).
Workers should wear goggles, a face shield and gloves when
opening or pouring containers of 2E formulations of fluvalinate
(1).
Exposure Guidelines:
No occupational exposure limits have been established for
fluvalinate by OSHA, NIOSH or ACGIH (4).
ADI: 0.01 mg/kg/day based on a 2-year rat feeding study and a
100 fold safety margin (5).
MPI: 0.6 mg/kg/day for a 60 kg person (5).
Physical Properties:
CAS #: 69409-94-5
Chemical Class/Use: Synthetic pyrethroid insecticide
Density: 1.29 g/cm3 (5)
H20 solubility: insoluble; 0.005 ug/ml (2); 2 ppb (5).
Solubility in other solvents: very soluble in organic solvents
and aromatic hydrocarbons; slightly soluble in hexane (5)
Boiling point: > 450 degrees C (1)
Vapor pressure: < 1 x 10-7 Torr at 25 degrees C (1)
Koc: 1,000,000 gm/ml (2)
BASIC MANUFACTURER
Sandoz Agro, Inc.
1300 E. Touhy Ave.
Des Plaines IL 60018
Telephone: 708-699-1616
Review by Basic Manufacturer:
Comments solicited: April, 1993
Comments received: May, 1993
REFERENCES
(1) Meister, R.T. (ed.). 1992. Farm Chemicals Handbook '92.
Meister Publishing Company, Willoughby, OH.
(2) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation
Service. 1990 (Nov.). SCS/ARS/CES Pesticide Properties
Database: Version 2.0 (Summary). USDA - Soil Conservation
Service, Syracuse, NY.
(3) Maddy, K.T. et al. 1984 (Feb. 14). A study of
fluvalinate dislodgeable degradation rates on orange foliage in
Tulare County in California during May 1983. California
Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA.
(4) Occupational Health Services, Inc. 1993 (Nov. 17). MSDS
for Resmethrin. OHS Inc., Secaucus, NJ.
(5) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. March 31, 1986.
Pesticide Fact Sheet Number 86: Fluvalinate. US EPA, Office of
Pesticide Programs, Registration Div., Washington, DC.
(6) Waller, G.D., et al. 1988. Pyrethroid residues and
toxicity to honeybees of selected pyrethroid formulations applied
to cotton in Arizona. J. of Economic Entomology 81 (4): 1022-6.
(7) Muir, D.C.G., et al. 1985. Bioconcentration of
cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate and permethrin by
Chironomus tentans larvae in sediment and water. Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 4: 51-61.
(8) Bradbury, S.P. and J.R. Coats. 1989. Toxicokinetics and
toxicodynamics of pyrethroid insecticides in fish. Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 8: 373-380.
(9) Haya, K. 1989. Toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides to
fish. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 8: 381-391.
This PIP is part of the EXTOXNET Pesticide Information
Notebook. For more information, contact the Pesticide Management
Education Program, Cornell University, 5123 Comstock Hall,
Ithaca, N.Y. 14853-0901.
DISCLAIMER: The information in this profile does not in any way
replace or supersede the information on the pesticide product
label/ing or other regulatory requirements. Please refer to the
pesticide product label/ing.
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