> The first report of N. ceranae in Brazil was reported by Klee et al. (2007); the authors confirmed the presence of this species of microsporidium on four continents. Our results indicate that both N. apis and N. ceranae have infected A. mellifera in Brazil for at least 34 years, the oldest finding of N. ceranae globally.
> 
> The original host of N. ceranae is unknown, but it is presumed to be A. cerana because it was first isolated from that species. It could also be another bee species (Paxton, 2010). This pathogen might also circulate in the pollinator community and be transferred back to commercial honey bees
> 
> In Brazil, as also reported by Fries (2010) for Europe, N. ceranae infection appears to produce different effects in different geographic regions. In previous evaluations of samples from the state of São Paulo, we generally observed higher infection intensity in the autumn and winter; however, in some regions the greatest pathogen load was found in summer. In the region of Altinópolis, SP, for example, the prevalence of N. ceranae in 2007 was 100% in 1106 hives in 20 apiaries, with peaks of infection intensity distributed throughout the year 

Nosema ceranae has been present in Brazil for more than three decades infecting Africanized honey bees

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology Available online 8 September 2013
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