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>Once alleles for resistance are present in the population, then it is simple math to determine the number of generations for that allele to increase in frequency.  If all beekeepers in an area use the same product generation after generation, and if the efficacy of kill is very high, the frequency of resistant mites will increase rapidly.  Under less selective pressure, will increase more slowly if at all.

Is there a lesson to be learned from the "refuge" planting concept of integrated pest management?

I am often told I spend more time educating than selling when I take my honey to the local farmers' markets. People are initially shocked when I tell them I don't want varroa free colonies.

Larry

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