Guttation paper in brief

> At this study site honey bees could regularly be observed gathering WOR guttation fluid. The uptake of contaminated water confirms current experiments revealing that honey bees as well as bumble bees do not avoid food which is contaminated by field-realistic concentrations of clothianidin, imidacloprid, or thiamethoxam.

> For the first time, proof for the uptake of guttation fluid from seed-coated WOR by honey bees was provided by measuring residues in individual honey-sac contents. In total, 38 out of 204 samples (19%) showed residues of thiamethoxam at concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 0.95 mg per liter while the corresponding concentrations in guttation fluid of WOR varied between 3.6 to 12.9 mg thiamethoxam per liter. 

> The amounts of thiamethoxam we found in the honey sacs of water-foraging honey bees were therefore below the thresholds in nectar and pollen that are considered to have negative effects on honey bees after chronic exposure.

Reetz, J. E., et al. "Uptake of Neonicotinoid Insecticides by Water-Foraging Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Through Guttation Fluid of Winter Oilseed Rape." Journal of economic entomology (2015): tov287.

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