> >Nosema apis (Zander) is generally considered to be mostly harmless for Apis mellifera.

> I find this statement to be of interest.  This view is held by Dr. Ingemar Fries

Really, the point is that opinions are all over the map. And I still question whether nosema disease is a symptom of an immune failure, rather than a driver of it. Nosema apis was usually found in bees that had experienced very long confinement during winter, which causes the accumulation of feces among other things. Being shut in and unable to defecate for many months could conceivably cause the buildup of pathogens, and tax the immune system in general

PLB

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