For what it's worth Sheppard, et al., back in the 2009 time frame, also measured genetic variation between geographic breeding populations. 

The western commercial breeding population (WCBP) and the southeastern commercial breeding population (SCBP) were sampled in 1993-1994 and again in 2004-2005.  The goal of the study was to characterize the genetic composition of these populations and to measure potential changes in genetic diversity and composition across the 10 year time span.

1) Was there a change in genetic diversity in the western commercial breeding population (WCBP) and southeastern com- mercial breeding population (SCBP) during the past decade? 
2) Do genetic differences that were detected in 1995 between the WCBP and SCBP still remain there approx. 10 years later in 2008? 
3) Did the disappearance of feral populations disproportionately affect the SCBP? Queen producer populations were chosen for this study, because these operations annually produce 1 million daughter queens, an amount suffcient to requeen approximately one third of the estimated 3.2 million managed colonies in the United States (Council 2007)

Genetic differences that occurred between the 1993-1994 WCBP and SCBP were still detectable in these populations sampled a decade later, suggesting that these populations could be useful sources of diversity for each other in the future.  The analysis of molecular variance showed that most of the variation was from within populations rather than among populations. The percentage of variation within populations was 96.2 in contrast to 3.8 among populations.  The overall genetic diversity of the WCBP and SCBP did not change over the 10-yr span.

Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 102(4): 666Ð673 (2009)  https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/pubag/downloadPDF.xhtml?id=31524&content=PDF

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