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Tue, 5 Nov 1996 08:28:57 EST |
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My thanks to Nick Wallingford for alzheimers relief. It was indeed an
issue of Tom Sanford's APIS which contained the reference to TM
resistence in Argentina, and the article also included timely discussion
of concerns over importation and shipment of bee stock around the
world, like say from China to Nicaragua, as was discussed rather
heatedly in the past week or so. Excerpts are included here.
Florida Extension Beekeeping Newsletter
Apis--Apicultural Information and Issues
Volume 8, Number 6, June 1990
Copyright (c) 1990 M.T. Sanford "All Rights Reserved"
STOCK INTRODUCTION INTO FLORIDA
"... This concept (importations of honey bees) is debatable.
An interesting situation has arisen in Argentina, presumably
due to importation of a large quantity of queens from the
U.S. American foulbrood, previously unknown in that country,
is now epidemic. In addition, for some reason it doesn't
appear to respond to treatment from Terramycin (R) at the
same dosages used in the US. Levels of up to 1200 mg active
material must be used as opposed to the 200 mg recommended
in the U.S. This has proven disastrous for beekeeping in
certain regions of the country. The reason the queens were
brought to Argentina was simple economics -- they cost less
to import because the value of the U.S. dollar was low. Al-
though regulations exist in the country to prevent introduc-
tion, this shipment was somehow cleared through customs.
This Argentinian case and others (many previously believed
that introduction of tracheal mites into the U.S. was not a
serious threat to bee colonies) reveal why there has and
will continue to be controversy over importation. Although
most persons agree that stock introduction is needed in some
cases, there is a great deal of concern about the methods
involved. Unfortunately, no guidelines exist ... (and) there
continues to be no standard importation criteria that can be
followed for subsequent introductions...."
Aaron Morris - I think, but don't remember well.
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