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> In species of the genus Melipona, queens are constantly produced. Worker bees eliminate superfluous and useless queens all year round, commonly by biting off their heads. These worker-controlled killings of excess queens allow colonies to perpetuate themselves but occasionally lead to irreversible colony loss, which would seriously undermine honey harvests. Beheaded queen bee figures in the Madrid Codex demonstrate that Mayan beekeepers knew from experience how the deaths of residing queen bees affected their beekeeping businesses.
Koedam, D. From null size to numerical digit; the beheaded queen bee as a model for the Mayan zero glyph T173, explained through beekeeping. Ethnoscientia 3, 2018. DOI 10.22276/ethnoscientia.v3i0.114
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