> 4 years ago, I lost all my colonies to Nosema C. Potential reasons was likely a combination of Honeydew honey (tested and confirmed), the use of a top entrance with an open screened bottom board and a late fall prep due travel reasons. Hives were heavy but with the wrong type of stores, and the 2:1 I put in likely never got properly cured thus causing dysentery that likely spread Nosema C through out the hive.
This diagnosis is all over the map but for openers, Nosema ceranae doesn't "cause" winter mortality. According to the most recent research from Guelph:
> N. ceranae infections are highest in spring and summer... no association between N. ceranae and winter colony mortality was found.
Emsen, Berna, Alvaro De la Mora, Brian Lacey, Les Eccles, Paul G. Kelly, Carlos A. Medina-Flores, Tatiana Petukhova, Nuria Morfin, and Ernesto Guzman-Novoa. "Seasonality of Nosema ceranae Infections and Their Relationship with Honey Bee Populations, Food Stores, and Survivorship in a North American Region." Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 3 (2020): 131.
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