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Informed Discussion of Beekeeping Issues and Bee Biology <[log in to unmask]>
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Sun, 10 Nov 2019 11:22:26 -0500
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apparently Darwin was the first to use "caste" in this sense:

> But we have not as yet touched on the climax of the difficulty; namely, the fact that the neuters of several ants differ, not only from the fertile females and males, but from each other, sometimes to an almost incredible degree, and are thus divided into two or even three castes. The castes, moreover, do not commonly graduate into each other, but are perfectly well defined; being as distinct from each other as are any two species of the same genus, or rather as any two genera of the same family. 

Darwin, C. 1859.  The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

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