> > Although the acute toxic effect of OA on varroa is beneficial to the
> colony, studies have also shown long-term (Moosbeckhofer, 2001) and
> temporary negative effects on adult bees (Martin-Hernandez et al., 2007)
> often resulting in increased bee mortality and poor overwintering
> especially when OA is administered using the trickling method
>

The problem when talking about OA is to separate the different application
methods. It has been long known that OA trickle harms bees and Medhat's
link said the same thing, but OAV seems to be fairly benign as noted in
that paper. So apples and oranges.

Bill Truesdell
Bath, Maine

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