https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4924483/

Front Physiol <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4924483/#>.
2016; 7: 261.
Published online 2016 Jun 28. doi:  10.3389/fphys.2016.00261
<https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffphys.2016.00261>
PMCID: PMC4924483
PMID: 27445851 <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27445851>
Sickness Behavior in Honey Bees
Nadia Kazlauskas
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Kazlauskas%20N%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=27445851>
,1,2,† Martín Klappenbach
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Klappenbach%20M%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=27445851>
,1,2,† Amaicha M. Depino
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Depino%20AM%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=27445851>
,1,2,* and Fernando F. Locatelli
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Locatelli%20FF%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=27445851>
1,2,*
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Abstract

During an infection, animals suffer several changes in their normal
physiology and behavior which may include lethargy, appetite loss, and
reduction in grooming and general movements. This set of alterations is
known as sickness behavior and although it has been extensively believed to
be orchestrated primarily by the immune system, a relevant role for the
central nervous system has also been established. The aim of the present
work is to develop a simple animal model to allow studying how the immune
and the nervous systems interact coordinately during an infection. We
administered a bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the thorax of honey
bees to mimic a bacterial infection, and then we evaluated a set of
stereotyped behaviors of the animals that might be indicative of sickness
behavior. First, we show that this immune challenge reduces the locomotor
activity of the animals in a narrow time window after LPS injection.
Furthermore, bees exhibit a loss of appetite 60 and 90 min after injection,
but not 15 h later. We also demonstrate that LPS injection reduces
spontaneous antennal movements in harnessed animals, which suggests a
reduction in the motivational state of the bees. Finally, we show that the
LPS injection diminishes the interaction between animals, a crucial
behavior in social insects. To our knowledge these results represent the
first systematic description of sickness behavior in honey bees and provide
important groundwork for the study of the interaction between the immune
and the neural systems in an insect model.

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