>
> > I wonder, too, if increasing the amount of time in a freezer at ~-18
> deg. C increases spore mortality such that it reaches 100% mortality at
> moment 'x' in time.


100% is a tall hurdle.  I'm wondering about your interest in disinfection
of combs.  *N. ceranae *no longer appears to be a problem in my apiaries.
Perhaps it is due to my breeding only from strong colonies after almonds.

As Ingemar Fries pointed out long ago, nosema appears to be more of a
problem in regions with long winters.  I don't know of anyone who is adding
stored combs to their hives just prior to winter.  An *N. ceranae* inoculation
in spring or summer does not appear to affect my colonies to any degree.

Have others on the list confirmed this microscopically? (If you haven't
checked with a microscope, you can't tell whether nosema was involved in
colony issues).

-- 
Randy Oliver
Grass Valley, CA
www.ScientificBeekeeping.com

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