Hi all
It has been known for 100 years that "dysentery" is not a symptom of Nosema in bees. I don't know why it keeps getting repeated

> Care should be observed that Nosema-disease is not confused with dysentery. Leuckart (1857, March) early raised the question regarding its relation to dysentery.  In fact the two disorders are very different and should be considered, for the present at least, as having no direct relation to each other. As both conditions are widely distributed and occur most frequently in the spring of the year, it is to be expected that not infrequently both of them may be encountered together in the same colony.  - White, G. F. (1919). Nosema-disease (No. 780). US Department of Agriculture.

> Dysentery was clearly associated with the death of colonies in the winter of 1962-1963: 86% of colonies that died had dysentery, whereas only 14% of survivors had. Dysentery was not caused primarily by N. apis, because it occurred whether colonies were severely infected or not. Moreover, N. apis was not the prime cause of death of colonies, because it was distributed similarly among living and dead ones. - Bailey, L. (1967). Nosema apis and dysentery of the honeybee. Journal of Apicultural Research, 6(3), 121-125.

PLB

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