Smoke,

    I too would appreciate a copy if it's not too much trouble.  It would
be most helpful.  Thanks

On Mon, Jun 29, 2015 at 2:43 PM, Lyle E. Browning <[log in to unmask]>
wrote:

> PT was and perhaps still is, used as a “fence” around Fort Knox, or at
> least that’s the legend.
>
> I have found it on two southern plantations, very near the main house and
> not associated with African-American sites.
>
> It is indeed a vicious plant, and when walked into in a wooded
> environment, brings a new level of multiple pain to the day.
>
> But do check the edibility of the “orange” as I had not heard that it was
> edible.
>
> Lyle Browning, RPA
>
>
> > On Jun 29, 2015, at 12:17 PM, Linda Derry <[log in to unmask]> wrote:
> >
> > Thanks again to everyone for their help about ditches and cemetery
> > boundaries.
> >
> > But since several of you discussed Osage orange or bois d'arch, I'm going
> > to ask about another plant, called trifoliate orange (poncirus
> trifoliata -
> > or Citrus trifoliata)  or sometimes  hardy orange or  wild orange.
> >
> > I've found a May 1892 edition of The Maufacturer and Builder journal that
> > advocated replacing osage orange with trifoliate orange (Poncirus
> > trifoliata)   as a hedge plant.  According to the journal, Manufacturer
> and
> > Builder, trifoliate orange was originally brought in to aid in an attempt
> > to grow citrus in more northern areas, ( I hear it is part of the
> Satsuma's
> > orange's heritage even today)   but it was quickly was adopted as a hedge
> > plant because as this journal said  " the thorns on the so-called Osage
> > orange being in comparison mere prickles."
> >
> > I also found a Nov, 1906 Scientific American Supplement that says that
> "the
> > common variety of the trifoliate orange was introduced into this country
> by
> > the late William Saunders of the  Department of Agriculture, in 1869.'"
> > (although
> >
> > Locally, I always find it in old rural African American Cemeteries, so
> I'm
> > wondering if others in the Southeast may have noticed this also.  I can
> see
> > where it might have symbolic import, since it  does in the winter
> resemble
> > Christ's crown of thorns, and the stem is evergreen, and  it has the
> > trifoliate leaves (as in the trinity).    So, keep your eyes open and let
> > me know where you see this "invasive" and if its location implies hedges,
> > orangeries, or symbolic cemetery planting.
> >
> > This symbolic use is just a wild speculation on my part right now, since
> I
> > have no historical documentation about that application,  and I'm still
> > trying to figure out if any animals  would eat this bitter citrus fruit
> and
> > thereby spread the plant without the intervention of humans.   (I planted
> > one outside my office window and have been watching it for decades'   the
> > birds love to nest inside the thorny mass, but have never seen anything
> try
> > to eat the fruit other than my staff's failed attempt to make eatable
> > marmalade.
> >
> > I'd love to hear from other archaeologists that may have noticed some
> > pattern in the location of these small trees / shrubs in their survey
> work.
> >
> >
> >
> > Linda Derry
> > Site Director, Old Cahawba Archaeological Park
> > Alabama Historical Commission
> > 719 Tremont Street, Selma, AL 36701
> > office:  334/875-2529
> > park:  334/ 872-8058
> > [log in to unmask]
> >
> > On Fri, Jun 26, 2015 at 7:04 PM, David Parkhill <[log in to unmask]>
> wrote:
> >
> >> Yes, bois d'arc  was used as fence post among other choices items.
> Indians
> >> and early pioneers used thorns for needles along with mesquite trees.
> >> Indians also used Bois d'arc for bows. If you can find the write up by
> Bill
> >> Holm he shows plots on his maps where the Indians took very young
> saplings
> >> along with them on the War Trail, in West Texas. The camping spots shows
> >> part of the Comanche War Trails  which are many. A very dear friend of
> mine
> >> made some of the most beautiful bows which were valued by his friends.
> >>
> >> -----Original Message-----
> >> From: HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY [mailto:[log in to unmask]] On Behalf Of
> >> Barbara Hickman
> >> Sent: Friday, June 26, 2015 4:04 PM
> >> To: [log in to unmask]
> >> Subject: Re: Selective bibliography - ICOMOS Documentation centre
> >>
> >> Linda, this anecdotal, but it seems a good example. My grandfather
> >> (1863-1951) used bois d'arc  along some property lines here in central
> >> Texas in lieu of barb wire. He is said to have thought 'bodark' was more
> >> effective at keeping cattle inside the property than wire. It grew
> quickly
> >> into an almost impenetrable hedge.
> >>
> >> David T. Parkhill
> >> Avocational Archaeologist
> >>
> >> Barbara J Hickman
> >> Archeologist III
> >> Archeological Studies Program
> >> Environmental Affairs Division
> >> Texas Department of Transportation
> >> 125 East 11th Street
> >> Austin TX 78701
> >> 512-416-2637
> >>
> >>
> >> -----Original Message-----
> >> From: HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY [mailto:[log in to unmask]] On Behalf Of
> Kate
> >> Johnson
> >> Sent: Friday, June 26, 2015 3:58 PM
> >> To: [log in to unmask]
> >> Subject: Re: Selective bibliography - ICOMOS Documentation centre
> >>
> >> Linda,
> >>
> >> I read a couple papers that describe the use of osage orange hedge
> >> specifically as fencing and meant to distinguish specific boundaries.The
> >> 3rd footnote to the second paper (Hewes & Jung 1981) also references
> >> several sources that note the use of ditches alone or ditches plus
> fence /
> >> hedge as being used to demarcate legal property boundaries. Hopefully
> one
> >> of these sources can be of use!
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >> * Hewes, L. 1981. Early fencing on the western margins of the prairie.
> >> Annals of the Association of American Geographers 71 (4):499–526. Hewes,
> >> L., and C. L. Jung. 1981. Early Fencing on the Middle Western Prairie.
> >> Annals of the Association of American Geographers 71 (2):177–201.*
> >>
> >> Footnote from Hewes & Jung 1981:
> >>
> >> Herbert G. Schmidt, *Agriculture in New Jersey* (New Brunswick: Rutgers
> >> University Press, 1973),  p.73, cites ditches as legal enclosures as
> early
> >> as 1730. Lewis Cecil Gray, *History of Agriculture in the Southern
> United
> >> States to 1860*, Vol. 1 (New York: Peter Smith, 1941), p. 540, refers to
> >> the occasional use of ditches and sod fences supplemented by small post
> and
> >> rail fences on the embankments. Stevenson Whitecomb Fletcher,
> *Pennsylvania
> >> Agriculture and** Country Life, 1640-1840* (Harrisburg:
> >> PennsylvaniaHistorical and Museum Commission, 1950), p. 87, cites the
> use
> >> of ditches with hedges in 1778. See also John A. Warder, *Hedges and
> >> Evergreens: A complete Manual for the Cultivation, Pruning, and
> Management
> >> of all Plants suitable for American Hedging; especially the Maclura, or
> >> Osage Orange* (New York: Orange Judd Company, Agriculture Book
> >> Publishers,Press, 1858),  pp. 174, 195, 201.
> >>
> >> Best wishes,
> >> Kate
> >>
> >> On Fri, Jun 26, 2015 at 2:35 PM, Linda Derry <[log in to unmask]>
> >> wrote:
> >>
> >>> Histarchers,
> >>>
> >>> I need your help. There is a cemetery in our archaeological park that
> >>> was established by the Alabama legislature in 1851 but we can't find
> >>> any legal records that describe the boundaries.  However there are
> >>> historical records (newspaper reports mostly) that say that the
> >>> cemetery was "surrounded by a ditch" and a few years after it was
> >>> created, an osage orange hedge was planted just inside the ditch.
> >>>
> >>> Today, the ditch is still very apparent, and there are a few  aged
> >>> osage orange trees too.
> >>>
> >>> Our attorney has told us he does't think that he can use the ditch as
> >>> evidence of the boundary, because of the word "surrounds" since, as he
> >>> says, "its like saying that  the Indians surrounded the fort  and that
> >>> doesn't imply  they were establishing a boundary."  A fence he would
> >>> accept, and he may consider the osage orange, but he doesn't seem to
> >>> think we can protect the ditch from our neighbor's bulldozers.
> >>>
> >>> So, I am turning to you for help.  Are there other examples of
> >>> graveyards that were enclosed by ditches, or documented  evidence that
> >>> ditches were used as boundary markers.  I'm trying to argue that
> >>> historically ditches were just as real as fences in establishing
> >> boundaries.
> >>>
> >>> Linda Derry
> >>> Site Director, Old Cahawba Archaeological Park Alabama Historical
> >>> Commission
> >>> 719 Tremont Street, Selma, AL 36701
> >>> office:  334/875-2529
> >>> park:  334/ 872-8058
> >>> [log in to unmask]
> >>>
> >>
> >> --
> >> *Katharine Johnson*
> >> PhD Candidate, Dept of Geography
> >> Geospatial Data & Web Development Specialist Map and Geographic
> >> Information Center Connecticut State Data Center University of
> Connecticut
> >> [log in to unmask]
> >> http://geomorphology.uconn.edu/research-group/kate-johnson/
> >> <http://uconn.academia.edu/KatharineJohnson>
> >> Talk. Text. Crash.
> >>
> >>
> >> [Talk. Text. Crash.]<
> >>
> http://www.txdot.gov/inside-txdot/division/traffic/safety/share-road/distracted.html
> >>>
> >>
>



-- 

Dallas C. Ward, B.A.
Research Aide

Lubbock Lake National Historic Landmark/
Museum of Texas Tech University

work: (806) 834-6136
email: [log in to unmask]
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