William, Follow this link to the .pdf. Page s103 Sec4. Pathology for some insight with citations. http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mb/content/biology-and-control-varroa-destructor-rosenkranz-et-al-2009 scott *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html