>The results showed that all examined bees were negative for N. apis when
amplified with specific N. apis primer pair.
A more recent study found that the primers used at that time did not
necessarily pick up N apis. Any PCR results prior to 2013 are suspect.
>
> >The detection of N. ceranae in bees collected a decade ago indicated that
> N. ceranae is not a new emerging pathogen for European honey bees and in
> fact had transferred from its original host to Apis mellifera earlier than
> previously recognized.
>
Seeing as how in the time range of 2007-2010 it was easy to find an absence
of N ceranae in the cooler parts of North America, in Western Australia,
and in some European countries, I would certainly consider it to be an
emerging pathogen.
Randy Oliver
Grass Valley, CA
www.ScientificBeekeeping.com
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