For the AFB experts out there.

Everyone knows that dark sunken cappings with perforations and chocolate 
brown melted-looking larva inside with a bump at the end nearest the 
opening (the tongue) means AFB with great certainty, especially if the 
gooey mess ropes out when a straw is inserted and pulled back, but by 
that point, the disease has been progressing for a while and the bees 
have proven unable to keep up with it.

What are signs in the earlier stages, or a case that has not progressed 
that far?

For example, do scattered dead pupae lying on their backs in 
normal-looking capped cells with tongue extended and no smell 
_necessarily_ indicate AFB, or are there many other possibilities for 
dead pupae with extended tongues?

             ***********************************************
The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned
LISTSERV(R) list management software.  For more information, go to:
http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html