Excerpts from article in Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
> We found 100% presence of Nosema spp. in some locations, indicating that this parasite was widespread
> throughout the country. The two year monitoring indicated that 87% of the hives with Nosema spp.
> remained viable, with normal honey production and biological development during this period of time.
> The results of these trials indicated that both N. ceranae and N. apis could be present in these beehives
> without causing disease symptom and that there is no evidence for the replacement of N. apis by N. ceranae,
> supporting the hypothesis that nosemosis is not the main reason of the collapse and death of beehives.
>
> Our results are contradictory to those described by other authors (Martin-Hernandez et al., 2007; Higes et al., 2007, 2008, 2009b), who suggested that N. ceranae causes colony collapse within 18months of a colony becoming infected and infections left uncontrolled. The results of the Andalusian hives monitored over 2years showed that the same hive parasitised by Nosema spp. remained alive during those 2 years without collapsing. The data obtained in the pres- ent study are complementary and consistent with the results re- ported by Invernizzia et al. (2009), whose hives were monitored for decades and demostrated no correlation between the arrival of N. ceranae, the presence of it in the hives or hive losses due to CCD. The same situation was shown in Germany (Siede et al., 2008) as the monitored hives (Monitoring-Projekt ‘‘Völkerverlu- ste’’, 2008) suggested no such devastating effects as described by Higes et al., 2009a.
>
> In the questionnaire completed by beekeepers, 84% of the beekeepers
> claimed to have problems with the ectoparasite Varroa
> destructor. Infestations by this mite, with its associated virus infections,
> is still the major culprit explaining a substantial proportion
> of colony losses world-wide
Asymptomatic presence of Nosema spp. in Spanish commercial apiaries
José Manuel Fernández, et al Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 111 (2012) 106–110
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