From the French scientist Luc Belzunces:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/au6633m46011817m/
published in Apidologie.

Kind regards,

Ghislain De Roeck,
Belgium.


Abstract:
During their foraging activity, honey bees are often exposed to direct and
residual contacts with pesticides, especially insecticides, all substances
specifically designed to kill, repel, attract or perturb the vital functions
of insects. Insecticides may elicit lethal and sublethal effects of
different natures that may affect various biological systems of the honey
bee. The first step in the induction of toxicity by a chemical is the
interaction between the toxic compound and its molecular target. The action
on the molecular target can lead to the induction of observable or
non-visible effects. The toxic substance may impair important processes
involved in cognitive functions, behaviour or integrity of physiological
functions. This review is focused on the neural effects of insecticides that
have repercussions on (a) cognitive functions, including learning and
memory, habituation, olfaction and gustation, navigation and orientation;
(b) behaviour, including foraging and (c) physiological functions, including
thermoregulation and muscle activity.

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