I think this paper has been mentioned before. It is an excellent study of Varroa and should be read by every beekeeper, IMO. The references are unbelievably complete. https://bienenkunde.uni-hohenheim.de/uploads/media/JIP_final_Rosenkranz_Aumeier_Ziegelmann_Varroa_biology_and_control.pdf *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html Guidelines for posting to BEE-L can be found at: http://honeybeeworld.com/bee-l/guidelines.htm