As an interesting aside, every study such as this has methodology and  
time/location limitations.  I find it interesting that our work found  exactly 
the opposite with respect to DWV.   
 
One issue that has not been mentioned, it is possible that different  
strains appear at different times and different locations.  Much like human  
influenza.  Some years, it is not so bad, others it is much more  virulent.  We 
suspect this  to be true of Nosema ceranae as well as  viruses.
 
Jerry

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