Honey bee larvae reared in an incubator
were exposed to one of nine pesticides: chlorpyrifos, 
imidacloprid, amitraz, fluvalinate, coumaphos,
myclobutanil, chlorothalonil, glyphosate and simazine.

Interestingly, fluvalinate resulted in the lowest levels of observed
cell death of any pesticide-treated larvae. Fluvalinate has
been used in the US for over two decades to control Varroa destructor
Anderson and Trueman, the varroa mite. Our data suggest that
honey bee larvae may have developed some level of resistance to
fluvalinate exposure. Equally interesting is that the herbicides
glyphosate and simazine and fungicides myclobutanil and chlorothalonil
induced elevated apoptotic cell death in an insect. Though
unclear how this may affect honey bees at the individual organism
or colony level, the data suggest that herbicides and fungicides
cannot be presumed innocuous to bees.

Cell death localization in situ in laboratory reared honey bee 
(Apis mellifera L.) larvae treated with pesticides
Ales Gregorc, James D. Ellis
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology
Volume 99, Issue 2, February 2011, Pages 200-207 

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Pete

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