...I should also add from the abstract:

"The data show that DWV, Nosema ceranae, Varroa destructor and Vitellogenin can be predictive markers for winter colony losses..."

My reading of the study is that they found nosema ceranae infection to be an indicator of colony heath (the more advanced the infection, the healthier the bees are).  If there is any new actionable information in this study, it seems to be that we should inoculate our bees with nosema ceranae...no?

deknow

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