> N. ceranae has likely parasitized western honey bees for decades (Paxton et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2008), but due to its recent detection, very little is known about its biology and management (Fries, 2009). In Europe, it has been associated with colony collapse (Higes et al., 2008) and high pathogenicity in caged bees (Higes et al., 2007; G.R. Paxton et al., 2007), whereas in North America, it appears to be more benign (Williams et al., unpublished). Both species can be controlled using the antibiotic Fumagilin-BÒ; unfortunately, treatment never completely eliminates infection -- Williams et al. / Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 104 (2010)

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