...even sub-lethal effects require the presence (or exposure) to the substance in question.  my recollection from the penn state data is that they only found neonics in very specific orange grove situations.  in these days of ppb detection, one would first have to either find the presence of these substances in the hive, or in the disappearing bees.

these two approaches seem more productive than trying to "prove a negative".

deknow

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