my apologies for not quoting individual sections...i thought that this was well known and well accepted, at least since the work of martha gilliam. here are a few cites: bacillus and chalkbrood: http://www.vita-europe.com/Map_enscript/frmbuilder.php?dateiname=%2Fen%2Fdevelopment%2Fchalkbrood.htm http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/aug98/bees0898.htm http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/entomology/apiculture/PDF%20files/Johnson_et.al.2005.pdf http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0325-75412004000100011 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119173621/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 http://www.beesource.com/forums/showthread.php?t=216617 **************************************************** * General Information About BEE-L is available at: * * http://www.honeybeeworld.com/bee-l/default.htm * ****************************************************