>
>  Any better ideas for determining VSH levels in a relatively non-invasive
> way?


Hi Gavin,

VSH is easy to spot by the presence of uncapped purple-eyed healthy-looking
pupae, or uncapped, chewed out healthy looking pupae (not like chalkbrood,
or any other disease--pupae look fresh and white).

Lack of such doesn't mean that the bees don't have it, but it is very common
to see during active brood rearing--generally at the level of a cell or two
per frame side, and sometimes more.

Randy Oliver

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