More on the UCSF information

http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-bees26apr26,0,896792.story?coll=la-home-
headlines

Researchers link fungus to bee losses in U.S.
By Jia-Rui Chong and Thomas H. Maugh II
Times Staff Writers

5:06 PM PDT, April 25, 2007

A fungus that caused widespread loss of bee colonies in Europe and Asia may be playing a crucial 
role in the mysterious phenomenon known as Colony Collapse Disorder that is now wiping out 
bees across the U.S., University of California, San Francisco researchers said Wednesday.

Researchers have been struggling for months without success to explain the disorder, and the new 
findings represent the first solid evidence pointing to a potential cause.

But the results are "highly preliminary" and are from only a few hives from Le Grand in California's 
Merced County, UCSF biochemist Joe DeRisi said. "We don't want to give anybody the impression 
that this thing has been solved."

Other researchers said Wednesday that they too had found the fungus, a single-celled parasite 
called Nosema ceranae, in affected hives from around the country -- as well as in some hives that 
have continued to survive and live. Those researchers also have found two other fungi and a half-
dozen viruses in the dead bees.

"N. ceranae" is "one of many pathogens" in the bees, said entomologist Diana Cox-Foster of 
Pennsylvania State University. "By itself, it is probably not the culprit . . . but it may be one of the 
key players."

Cox-Foster was one of the organizers of a meeting in Washington, D.C., on Monday and Tuesday 
where about 60 bee researchers gathered to discuss Colony Collapse Disorder.

"We still haven't ruled out other factors, such as pesticides or inadequate food resources following 
a drought," she said. "There are lots of stresses that these bees are experiencing," and it may be a 
combination of factors that is responsible.

Historically, bee losses are not unusual. Weather, pesticide exposures and infestations by pests, 
such as the Varroa mite, have wiped out significant numbers of colonies in the past, particularly in 
the 1960s and 1970s.

But the current loss is unprecedented. Beekeepers in 28 states, Canada and England have reported 
large losses. About a quarter of the estimated 2.4 million colonies across the United States have 
been lost since last fall, said Jerry Hayes of the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer 
Services in Gainesville.

"These are remarkable and dramatic losses," said Hayes, who is also president of the Apiary 
Inspectors of America.

Besides a loss in honey production, commercial beehives are used to pollinate one-third of the 
country's agricultural crops, including apples, peaches, pears, nectarines, cherries, strawberries 
and pumpkins. Ninety percent of California's almond crop is dependent on bees, and a loss of 
commercial hives could be devastating.

"For the most part, they just disappeared," said Florida beekeeper Dave Hackenberg, who was 
among the first to note the losses. "The boxes were full of honey. That was the mysterious thing. 
Usually other bees will rob those hives out. But nothing had happened."

Researchers now believe that the foraging bees are too weak to return to their hives.

DeRisi and UCSF's Don Ganem, who normally look for the causes of human diseases, were brought 
into the bee search by virologist Evan W. Skowronski of the U.S. Army's Edgewood Chemical 
Biological Center in Aberdeen, Md.

Dr. Charles Wick of the center had used a new system of genetic analysis to identify pathogens in 
ground-up bee samples from California. He found several viruses, including members of a 
recently identified family called iflaviruses.

It is not known if these small, RNA-containing viruses, which infect the Varroa mite, are 
pathogenic to bees.

Skowronski forwarded the samples to DeRisi, who also found evidence of the viruses, along with 
genetic material from Nosema.

"There was a lot of stuff from Nosema, about 25 percent of the total," Skowronski said. "That 
meant there was more than there was bee RNA. That leads me to believe that the bee died from 
that particular pathogen."

If Nosema does play a role in Colony Collapse Disorder, there may be some hope for beekeepers.

A closely related parasite called Nosema apis, which also affects bees, can be controlled by the 
antibiotic fumagillin, and there is some evidence that it will work on N. ceranae as well.



FWIW I take Jerry Hayes to mean that the 25% figure of national losses includes winter losses too.  
That would mean CCD losses is 10%-15% of the 2.4 million. I would still love to hear someone 
clarify that number.
 

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