> How (and when) do you verify your colonies are broodless?  (I assume
> you don't break the frames apart in freezing wheather.)
>

I admit. I don't brake all the hives open. I look some hives and when almost 
all checked are with out  brood I start treating.  The ones having late 
brood are normally the ones with new queen, so I use mainly them as control. 
Around where I live it is very rare to have brood in late November, but 200 
km south much more common.

Ari Seppälä

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