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Date: | Thu, 25 Jan 2007 16:13:49 +0100 |
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> >Oxalic acid is hurting (weakening) bees and open a gate for secondary
> > diseases ( for instance - virus).
>
> so where is this documented?
Apidologie 35 (2004) 453-460
DOI: 10.1051/apido:2004037
Cell death in honeybee (Apis mellifera) larvae treated with oxalic or
formic acid Ales Gregorca, Azra Pogacnika and Ivor D. Bowenb
a Veterinary Faculty of the University of Ljubljana, Gerbiceva 60,
1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
b Cardiff School of Biosciences, Preclinical Building, Cardiff
University, PO Box 911, Cardiff, CF10 3US, UK
Abstract - The effects of oxalic (OA) and formic acids (FA) on
honeybee larvae in colonies were assessed and evaluated. Cell death
was detected by the TUNEL technique for DNA labelling. In 3- and 5-
day-old larvae exposed to OA, cell death was found in 25% of midgut
epithelial cells 5 h after the treatment, using an "In situ cell
death detection kit, AP" (Roche). The level of cell death increased
to 70% by the 21st hour and the morphology of the epithelium remained
unchanged. Fifty hours after the application, cell death was
established in 18% of the epithelial cells of the 3-day-old larvae
and had increased to 82% in the 5-day-old larvae. A "DeadEnd"
apoptosis detection kit (Promega) showed sporadic cell death mainly
in the larval fat body 5 h after treatment. Twenty-one hours after
the OA application cell death was found in 4% of the larval midgut
epithelial cells. Evaporated formic acid induced extensive apoptotic
cell death in the peripheral, cuticular and subcuticular tissues that
preceded the cell death of the entire larval body.
> here in Ontario it works like a charm and is highly recommended
You probably don't have viruses aroud.
All beekeepers who lost bees probably because of virus - (50 - 100%)
in som areas in Sweden used oxalic acid. No beekeepers using Apistan
were affected with big losses.
\vov
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