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Apidologie 37 (2006) 1-18
DOI: 10.1051/apido:2005043
Contaminants of bee products
Stefan Bogdanov
Agroscope Liebefeld Posieux, Swiss Bee Research Centre,
Liebefeld, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
(Received 22 July 2004 - revised 22 December 2004 -
accepted 26 January 2005 - published online 13 December
2005)
Abstract - Bee products can be contaminated from different
sources. The contamination can arise from beekeeping
practices or from the environment. Environmental
contaminants are covered in the first part of the review.
They are: the heavy metals lead, cadmium and mercury,
radioactive isotopes, organic pollutants, pesticides
(insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and bactericides),
pathogenic bacteria and genetically modified organisms. The
second part of the review discusses contaminants from
beekeeping. The main ones are acaricides: lipophylic
synthetic compounds and non-toxic substances such as
organic acids and components of essential oils; and
antibiotics used for the control of bee brood diseases,
mainly tetracyclines, streptomycine, sulfonamides and
chloramphenicol. Other substances used in beekeeping play a
minor role: para-dichlorobenzene, used for the control of
wax moth and chemical repellents. The degree of
contamination of honey, pollen, beeswax, propolis and royal
jelly by the different contaminants is reviewed.
respectfully submitted,
Dee A. Lusby
Small Cell Commercial Beekeeper
Moyza, Arizona
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/organicbeekeepers/
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