AAC Spring Conference Schedule and Abstracts
More information will be forthcoming on our home page at:
http://www.arizonaarchcouncil.org/
and directly at:
http://www.arizonaarchcouncil.org/springconference2003.html
Stay tuned for more information!
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AAC 2003 Spring Conference: Contributions to Highway Archaeology
Sponsored by the Arizona Archaeological Council and the Arizona State
University Department of Anthropology
May 16-17, 2003 (Arizona State University, Architecture and Environmental
Design (AED), Room 60)
FRIDAY AFTERNOON (1-5 P.M.) (session chair: Sarah Herr)
1:15 Welcome, Jon Shumaker (Arizona Archaeological Council)
1:20 Introduction. Sarah Herr (Arizona Archaeological Council)
1:30 A History of the Arizona Department of Transportation Archaeology
Program, by Bettina Rosenberg, (Arizona Department of Transportation,
emeritus)
1:45 Present and Future of the Arizona Department of Transportation Historic
Preservation Team, by Serelle Laine (Arizona Department of Transportation)
HIGHWAY SALVAGE ARCHAEOLOGY
2:00 The Beginnings of Highway Salvage Archaeology in Arizona, by Raymond H.
Thompson (Arizona State Museum)
2:15 Road Science: A Brief History of Highway Archaeology in New Mexico, by
Laurel Wallace (New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department)
2:30 Administrative Overview of Highway Salvage Archaeology, by Sarah Herr
and Alexander J. Lindsay, Jr. (contributor) (Desert Archaeology, Inc. and
Arizona State Museum)
2:45 Highway Salvage Archaeology: The Personal Dimension, by David Phillips
(SWCA Environmental Consultants, Inc., Albuquerque)
3:00 Reminiscences of Highway Salvage Archaeology North of the Mogollon Rim
in the late 1950s, by David A. Breternitz (University of Colorado at
Boulder)
3:15 My Good Old Days Of Highway Salvage Archaeology, by Sharon Urban
(Harris Environmental Group, Inc.)
3:30 BREAK
3:45 Core and Periphery: Highway Salvage Archaeology and Hohokam Regional
Organization, by Paul Fish and Suzanne Fish (Arizona State Museum)
4:00 Overview of contributions of Highway Salvage Archaeology to Sinagua and
Verde Archaeology, by Peter Pilles (Coconino National Forest)
4:15 Archaeology Then and Now: Pinal Creek Revisited, by David Doyel
(Estrella Cultural Research)
4:30 Highway Salvage Archaeology in Northwestern Arizona: The Long And
Winding Road of The Fredonia And Littlefield Projects, by David Purcell
(Four Corners Research, Inc.)
4:45 The Road not Built: Highway Salvage Archaeology in the San Pedro
Valley, by Jeffery J. Clark and James M. Vint (Center for Desert
Archaeology)
5:00 ***RECEPTION ***
in Architecture and Engineering Building Red Square
SATURDAY MORNING (9-12 A.M.) (session chair: Kimberly Spurr)
HIGHWAY ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ERA
9:00 Highway Archaeology in The Shadow of the Volcano: The U.S. 89 Project,
by Mark D. Elson (Desert Archaeology, Inc.)
9:15 Beyond Consultation: Research with the Hopi Tribe during Data Recovery
on the US 89 Project, by T.J. Ferguson, Micah Loma'omvaya, Mark D. Elson
(Anthropological Research, L.L.C., Anthropological Consultant, Songoopavi,
Desert Archaeology, Inc.)
9:30 SR 64 and Grand Canyon Archaeology: New ROWs Lead to New Models of
Ancient Land Use, by Alan Sullivan (University of Cincinnati)
9:45 To The Foot of The Mountain: Significant Findings From The Navajo Route
16 Excavations, by Kimberly Spurr and Phil R. Geib (Navajo Nation
Archaeology Department)
10:00 Looking Beneath I-10 in Tucson: New Views of Early Farming Villages,
by Jonathan Mabry (Desert Archaeology, Inc.)
10:15 Archaeological Excavations at the Leon Farmstead, Tucson, Arizona, by
Homer Thiel (Desert Archaeology, Inc.)
10:30 The Mescal Wash Site: A Persistent Place in a Forgotten Territory, by
Jeffrey Altschul and Rein Vanderpot (Statistical Research, Inc.)
10:45 BREAK
11:00 Across the Transition Zone: Changing Subsistence Strategies in Central
Arizona. The SR 87 and SR 188 Projects, by Eric Eugene Klucas and Richard
Ciolek-Torrello (Statistical Research, Inc.)
11:15 The Road to Ruins in the Globe Highlands and Tonto Basin:
Reconstructing the Past Along State Route 88, by Teresa L. Hoffman and
Robert J. Stokes (Archaeological Consulting Services)
11:30 The Apache Trail, by Michael Sullivan (Tonto National Forest)
11:45 From Granite to Sandstone: Geology and Geomorphology of the State
Route 260 Project. By Michael S. Droz and Bruce G. Phillips (Archaeological
Consulting Services, Ltd)
SATURDAY AFTERNOON (1-5 P.M.) (session chair: Beth Grindell)
HIGHWAY ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ERA, Continued
1:00 Beyond Snaketown: New Perspectives on Hohokam Prehistory in the Middle
Gila River Valley, by Douglas Craig (Northland Research, Inc.)
1:15 Summary of ADOT Sponsored Research Conducted in the 1980s by Soil
Systems, Inc. in Phoenix: The East Papago Freeway and Pueblo Grande Hohokam
Expressway Projects, by Cory Breternitz and Christine Robinson (Soil
Systems, Inc.)
1:30 Observations on Settlement Patterns in the Phoenix Basin, by Doug
Mitchell (SWCA, Environmental Consultants Inc., Phoenix)
1:45 La Ciudad by Glen Rice (Arizona State University)
2:00 Evaluating the Link Between Ballcourt Ceremonialism and Pottery
Production and Exchange among the Hohokam: Some Results from Las Colinas, by
David R. Abbott, Alexa Smith, Emiliano Gallaga (Arizona State Museum)
2:15 Historical Overview of Arizona's Petrofacies Models by James Heidke and
Elizabeth Miksa (Desert Archaeology, Inc.)
2:30 BREAK
THE PRACTICE OF HIGHWAY ARCHAEOLOGY
2:45 Historical Perspective of Arizona Highway Archaeology: A View from
Out-of-State, by Owen Lindauer (Texas Department of Transportation)
3:00 Public Involvement, Historic Preservation and Transportation Projects,
by Johna Hutira (Northland Research, Inc.)
3:15 Embracing Our Rhetoric: a Commentary on Tribal Participation in CRM
From a Corner of Indian Country, by Nina Swidler and David Zimmerman (Navajo
Nation Historic Preservation Department)
3:30 A Native American Perspective on NAGPRA and Highway Archaeology. Daniel
Preston (Native American Consultant for Cultural Resources)
3:45 Transportation Enhancement Funding for Cultural Resources, by Robert
Gasser (Arizona Department of Transportation)
4:00 The Role of Transportation Enhancement Funds in Creating Statewide
Cultural Resource Databases, by Beth Grindell (Arizona State Museum)
4:15 Taking the High Road, by Linda Mayro (The Pima County Cultural
Resources Management Program)
4:30 Archaeological Preservation: The Road Less Traveled, by William Doelle
(Desert Archaeology Inc.)
4:45 Trends in Environmental Compliance and the Future of Highway
Archaeology, by Terry Klein (Statistical Research Foundation)
POSTER SESSION – FRIDAY AND SATURDAY
C ACS, ADOT, and Arizona Archaeology, 2002-2003 by Archaeological Consulting
Services.
C Archaeology of the Mazatzal Mountains — The Ord Mine Project Revisited by
Richard Ciolek-Torrello (Statistical Research, Inc.)
C Backhoe Demography by Sarah Herr, Jeffery Clark, Deborah Swartz, and Susan
Hall (Desert Archaeology, Inc.)
C Concepts of Culture: Archaeological & Tribal Perspectives on Settlement,
Abandonment, and Migration by Nina Swidler and David Eck (Navajo Nation
Historic Preservation Department and New Mexico State Lands)
C Grewe Revealed by Johna Hutira (Northland Archaeology)
THANK YOU TO OUR GENEROUS CONTRIBUTORS:
Anthropological Research, L.L.C.
Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd.
Arizona Department of Transportation
Carter and Burgess, Inc.
Desert Archaeology, Inc.
Four Corners Research, Inc.
Harris Environmental Group, Inc.
HDR Engineering, Inc.
Museum of Northern Arizona
SWCA Environmental Consultants, Inc.
University of Arizona, Department of Anthropology
URS Corporation
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
ADMISSION: Admission is free to all members of the Arizona Archaeological
Council and the Arizona State University Department of Anthropology. Cost of
admission to non-members is $10 at the door.
CAMPUS MAP: Architecture and Engineering North is just east of Mills Avenue
and south of University Drive. Campus maps with nearby campus parking lots
and structures can be found at: http://www.asu.edu/dps/pts/maps
MEMBERSHIP: A table will be set up at the door, if you would like to
purchase a membership. Student memberships are free for the first year and
are $15 thereafter. Individual and institutional memberships are $20. For
information about membership categories or to obtain a membership prior to
the conference please see: http://www.arizonaarchcouncil.org/members.htm.
PARKING: Lot 51 is the closest ASU parking area to the building.
Arrangements are in progress to reserve spaces for the Arizona
Archaeological Council. Look to the AAC listserve or website for updates.
Whether parking spots are successfully reserved, or not, parking on campus
is $5 per day and should be free on weekends.
QUESTIONS: If you have questions about the conference, please contact Sarah
Herr at [log in to unmask] or (520) 881-2244. If you have questions about the
Arizona Archaeological Council, please refer to
http://www.arizonaarchcouncil.org
SESSION ABSTRACTS
A HISTORY OF THE ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION ARCHAEOLOGY PROGRAM,
by Bettina H. Rosenberg (Arizona Department of Transportation, emeritus)
From a small program that minimally met the standards of the day in the
1950s, to a very large program in 2002, the Arizona Department of
Transportation has been cited as a leader in contract research and
commitment to the best that can be done in compliance with federal and state
historic preservation requirements. The early program set a standard that
was enhanced and improved over the years.
Many changes occurred in how archaeological investigations were undertaken,
both from the agency and contractor perspectives over the past 20 years. A
personal retrospective of the history of ADOT’s archaeological program will
be presented.
PRESENT AND FUTURE OF THE ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HISTORIC
PRESERVATION TEAM, by Serelle Laine (Arizona Department of Transportation)
2002 was a year of transformations for the Arizona Department of
Transportation’s Historic Preservation Team. In this description of the
Historic Preservation Team, process improvement measures that have been or
will soon be implemented are outlined, and the current projects and future
aspirations of Arizona’s largest sponsor of highway archaeology are
presented.
THE BEGINNINGS OF HIGHWAY SALVAGE ARCHAEOLOGY IN ARIZONA, by Raymond H.
Thompson (Arizona State Museum).
Arizona’s highway salvage archaeology program was born of the collaboration
between the sympathetic politicians, cooperative engineers, and visionary
archaeologists. Over the course of 30 years, these individuals provided the
funding, personnel, and means of communication necessary to protect Arizona’
s environmental and cultural resources.
ROAD SCIENCE: A BRIEF HISTORY OF HIGHWAY ARCHAEOLOGY IN NEW MEXICO, by
Laurel Wallace (New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department)
The longest continuing cooperative Highway Archaeological Program in the
United States began in New Mexico in 1954. Salvage archaeology of the 1950s
has evolved to sophisticated levels of data collection, meeting strict
deadlines with no loss of scientific integrity. The Museum of New Mexico’s
contract archaeology division, now called the Office of Archaeological
Studies, formed a partnership with the New Mexico State Highway and
Transportation Department that will soon celebrate a 50 year anniversary.
The Museum of New Mexico involvement set high standards of professional
approach and achievement, and continues to provide high quality services.
This paper presents a brief history of the professional archaeological
research conducted along public highways in New Mexico.
ADMINISTRATIVE OVERVIEW OF HIGHWAY SALVAGE ARCHAEOLOGY, by Sarah Herr and
Alexander J. Lindsay, contributor (Desert Archaeology, Inc. and Arizona
State Museum, emeritus)
The Arizona State Museum administered the statewide Arizona Highway Salvage
program from its informal inception in the 1950s, to the more formalized
arrangement of 1964, to the end of the program in 1981. This paper describes
the organization of the statewide program, its financing, personnel, and
research as seen through the published and unpublished manuscripts,
correspondence, and administrative documents in the Arizona State Museum
archives.
HIGHWAY SALVAGE ARCHAEOLOGY: THE PERSONAL DIMENSION, by David Phillips (SWCA
Environmental Consultants, Inc.)
Institutional histories provide one perspective on the highway archaeology
programs of the 1950s and 1960s. It is also possible to examine that era
from the perspective of the archaeologists who did the work. This
presentation is based on interviews with two pioneers in highway
archaeology, whose names will be revealed as part of the presentation.
REMINISCENCES OF HIGHWAY SALVAGE ARCHAEOLOGY NORTH OF THE MOGOLLON RIM IN
THE LATE 1950S, by David A. Breternitz (University of Colorado at Boulder,
emeritus)
The Highway Salvage Archaeology conducted by the Museum of Northern Arizona
in 1957-1958 bears little or no resemblance to that realm of endeavor today.
I will illustrate some of the work done in those days with a few faded
slides and recall some fairly interesting results that, for the most part,
are buried, again, in 45 year old literature.
MY GOOD OLD DAYS OF HIGHWAY SALVAGE ARCHAEOLOGY, by Sharon Urban (Harris
Environmental Group, Inc.)
Highway Salvage Archaeology began in Arizona in 1955, but I think it got an
earlier start in New Mexico. My start began in late August 1965 and ended in
July 1975.Loved it all and would not change a thing, well maybe now that I
mention it, there could be a couple of things that would have been better,
if only...
I do not plan to give a history of Highway Salvage, but rather some of the
experiences that have been associated with being a part of this phenomenon.
Each summer from 1965 to 1994 was a field season with the exception of one.
Great times were had on all the projects and each was its own experience.
Some of these will be related. There is so much to choose from what to pick
and what to leave out will be a problem. But come along for the tour and
lets see some of the behind the scenes events of the once very famous
Arizona State Museum Highway Salvage Program, well that is from Shurban’s
point of view!
CORE AND PERIPHERY: HIGHWAY SALVAGE ARCHAEOLOGY AND HOHOKAM REGIONAL
ORGANIZATION, by Paul R. Fish and Suzanne K. Fish (Arizona State Museum)
Extent of Hohokam “culture” traditionally has been measured by the extent
of red-on-buff pottery and a broader suite of defining material culture,
primarily characterizing the Phoenix Basin, in terms of a core-periphery
model of regional interaction. Broadly distributed Highway Salvage
excavations across Hohokam territory provided important data documenting
great variability in the distributions of traits through both time and
space. These data sets provide a foundation for reconsideration of both the
unity of the Hohokam culture concept and the models of organization used to
characterize regional dynamics.
ARCHAEOLOGY THEN AND NOW: PINAL CREEK REVISITED, by David Doyel (Estrella
Cultural Research)
Two of the most significant archaeological projects conducted in the Pinal
Creek drainage in the Globe Highlands were funded by ADOT associated with
upgrading State Route (SR) 88 between Globe-Miami and Tonto Basin. One field
project occurred in 1974 and the other in 1997. In addition to presenting an
overview of the findings, discussions will address the changing culture and
practice of consulting archaeology in the past three decades and other
topics such as scale and the production of knowledge.
HIGHWAY SALVAGE ARCHAEOLOGY IN NORTHWESTERN ARIZONA: THE LONG AND WINDING
ROAD OF THE FREDONIA AND LITTLEFIELD PROJECTS, by David E. Purcell (Four
Corners Research, Inc.)
During 1964-1966 the Museum of Northern Arizona conducted excavations at 19
Basketmaker and Virgin Anasazi sites in advance of the construction of SR
389 and I-15. To date, this is one of the largest single excavations of
Formative Period sites north and west of the Colorado River, but the 1967
manuscript of a descriptive report has never been published. Since
completion of the projects, few other large excavations have been undertaken
on the Arizona Strip. Highway salvage projects have been criticized for a
number of failings, including lack of research designs, substandard field
methodology, and failure to publish. The manuscript has now been edited and
will be published in 2004, with an interpretive volume to follow. Nearly 40
years later, this contribution to the study of northwestern Arizona and the
Virgin Anasazi will demonstrate that important archaeological studies were
conducted on behalf of the Arizona Highway Department during the Highway
Salvage Period.
THE ROAD NOT BUILT: HIGHWAY SALVAGE ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE SAN PEDRO VALLEY, by
Jeffery J. Clark and James M. Vint (Center for Desert Archaeology)
In the late 1960s, ADOT made plans to build a highway in the San Pedro
Valley, between San Manuel and Benson. Directed by Laurens Hammack with the
assistance of Heyward Franklin and Bruce Bradley, the salvage archaeology
was partially completed before the construction project was canceled. These
efforts represented the substantial work in the lower (northern) portion of
the valley since the Amerind Foundation’s excavations at Reeve Ruin and
Davis Ranch Ruin in the mid-1950s.
The salvage work occurred in two phases: excavations at Second Canyon and
the Peppersauce Wash Project. At Second Canyon, a multi-component pithouse
hamlet and an overlying late Classic compound were intensively investigated.
Franklin’s 1980 highway salvage report on this work is the most recently
published site description from the lower valley.
The three sites investigated by the Peppersauce Wash Project provided the
first comprehensive view of late pre-Classic period settlements in the lower
valley. Perhaps more importantly, a protohistoric Sobaipuri settlement was
also excavated which greatly refined earlier conceptions of this poorly
known social group. Unfortunately, this important project remains
unpublished, although a nearly complete manuscript was compiled by Bruce
Masse in the mid-1970s, and subsequently edited by Gayle Hartmann in the
mid-1980s.
HIGHWAY ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE SHADOW OF THE VOLCANO: THE U.S. 89 PROJECT, by
Mark D. Elson (Desert Archaeology, Inc.)
The U.S. 89 Archaeological Project, sponsored by the Arizona Department of
Transportation, investigated 41 prehistoric sites just north of Flagstaff.
The project area is within 6 km of Sunset Crater Volcano, which erupted
sometime between A.D. 1050 and 1150. The eruption deposited volcanic tephra
over an area of 2,300 km2, dramatically changing both physical and
ideological landscapes. Multidisciplinary research shows that human response
to the eruption included population movement into newly fertile areas,
shifts in settlement morphology, changes in production and trade routes, use
of new agricultural methods, and possibly initiation of ritual offerings to
the volcano.
BEYOND CONSULTATION: COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH WITH THE HOPI TRIBE DURING DATA
RECOVERY ON THE US 89 WUPATKI PROJECT, by T. J. Ferguson, Mark Elson and
Micah Loma’omvaya (Anthropological Research, L.L.C., Anthropological
Consultant– Songoopavi, Desert Archaeology, Inc.)
The Hopi Tribe values the formal government-to-government consultation that
is part of the historic preservation compliance process but it also wants to
be actively involved in archaeological research undertaken to mitigate the
adverse impacts of projects on Hopi ancestral sites. Desert Archaeology and
Anthropological Research consequently developed a Hopi ethnohistory
component as part of the data recovery program for the U.S. 89 Highway
Project. This research, undertaken in collaboration with the Hopi Cultural
Preservation Office, included field work and interviews to investigate the
Hopi cultural landscape and history relating to the project area. In
addition, Desert Archaeology hired Hopi tribal members as members of the
excavation crew. In this presentation, we summarize the Hopi research and
discuss the positive impact it had on the US 89 archaeological research
program.
SR 64 AND GRAND CANYON ARCHAEOLOGY: NEW R-O-WS LEAD TO NEW MODELS OF ANCIENT
LAND USE, by Alan Sullivan (University of Cincinnati)
The rebuilding of SR 64, between the western edge of the Navajo Indian
Reservation and the east entrance to Grand Canyon National Park, produced
survey and excavation data that were largely incompatible with existing
models of Grand Canyon prehistory, particularly the factors that were
thought to affect placement of ancient settlements and variation in
subsistence economies. These "highway" data and the challenges they posed to
current models were instrumental in initiating the Upper Basin
Archaeological Research Project (UBARP), which has conducted 13 field
seasons of survey and excavation along the SR 64 alignment. The results of
highway and UBARP archaeological research are integrated to provide a new
perspective on the region's culture-environment dynamics.
TO THE FOOT OF THE MOUNTAIN: SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS FROM THE NAVAJO ROUTE 16
EXCAVATIONS, by Kimberly Spurr and Phil R. Geib (Navajo Nation Archaeology
Department)
Excavations conducted by the Navajo Nation Archaeology Department prior to
upgrading of Navajo Route 16 have broadened our understanding of the
prehistoric occupation of the Shonto and Rainbow Plateaus on the
Arizona—Utah border. Thirty-three sites excavated within the road corridor
provided evidence of 58 distinct components that ranged in age from the
early Archaic to the late Pueblo III period. Our excavations substantially
increased the data set for several temporal intervals, including the early
Archaic, the Basketmaker II period, the Basketmaker II-III transition, and
the early Tsegi phase, just prior to construction of the large aggregated
pueblos typical of this terminal phase. The project supported and expanded
previous interpretations of Archaic populations, pushed back the initial
date for ceramics in the Kayenta region, demonstrated early reliance on
agriculture during Basketmaker II, and increased our understanding of social
integration and exchange systems during the Pueblo II and Pueblo III
periods.
LOOKING BENEATH I-10 IN TUCSON: NEW VIEWS OF EARLY FARMING VILLAGES, by
Jonathan Mabry (Desert Archaeology, Inc.)
Since 1993, ADOT-sponsored archaeological work in the path of construction
along I-10 through Tucson has documented a series of early agricultural
village sites occupied between about 1200 B.C. and A.D. 450 in the Santa
Cruz River floodplain. Among the surprising discoveries are settlements with
hundreds of pit structures, communal-ceremonial buildings, storehouses, and
cemeteries, and the earliest canals, pottery, figurines, cotton, tobacco,
and possibly beans in the Southwest. Obsidian and marine shell artifacts
indicate long-distance trade connections. Special features and deposits
reveal complex ritual behaviors. Some sites represent the transition to true
pottery containers and from round to rectilinear architecture. This highway
archaeology has significantly changed our understanding of the transition to
agriculture and village life in the Southwest.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS AT THE LEON FARMSTEAD, TUCSON, ARIZONA, by J.
Homer Thiel (Desert Archaeology, Inc.)
What was life for a Mexican family between 1840 and 1910? Excavations
sponsored by ADOT prior to the construction of a frontage road in Tucson
uncovered the household of Francisco Solano Leon and his wife Ramona Elias.
Leon was a Mexican soldier, born in the Tucson Presidio in 1819. He later
became a prominent citizen in Territorial Tucson, successfully negotiating
the changes brought by the American arrival in 1856. The couple lived
outside the Tucson Presidio in a house built in the 1840s. Destroyed by a
flood in the mid 1860s, the family return and built a new house in the mid
1870s. Features associated with the site contained stratified trash which,
when coupled with documentary research and oral histories, led to a better
understanding of Mexican lives. A museum exhibit culminated in a family
reunion, with over 100 descendants of the Leons viewing the artifacts left
behind by their ancestors.
THE MESCAL WASH SITE: A PERSISTENT PLACE IN A FORGOTTEN TERRITORY, by
Jeffrey H. Altschul and Rein Vanderpot (Statistical Research, Inc.)
Southeast Arizona remains one of the most intriguing and least understood
parts of the American Southwest. From the late 1940s to the early 1970s,
major excavation projects by the Amerind Foundation and the University of
Arizona shed light on various aspects of the region's prehistory. More
recently, the archaeological focus has been on survey. These survey projects
have highlighted settlement trends, but their utility has been restricted
due to their inability to refine fundamental parameters of the
archaeological record. ADOT-sponsored data recovery at the long-lived Mescal
Wash site on Cienega Creek has provided some of the missing elements. In
this paper, we provide a glimpse at some of the results.
ACROSS THE TRANSITION ZONE: CHANGING SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES IN CENTRAL
ARIZONA. THE SR 87 AND SR 188 PROJECTS, by Eric Eugene Klucas and Richard
Ciolek-Torrello (Statistical Research, Inc.)
Arizona Department of Transportation-sponsored archaeological
investigations along State Routes 87 and 188 in central Arizona comprise a
sample of archaeological sites from a wide range of time periods across
several ecological zones. This provides an excellent opportunity to explore
questions of land use across time and space. In this paper we examine
variability in subsistence strategies between the pre-Classic and Classic
period inhabitants of the transition zone and contemporary inhabitants of
the Mazatzal uplands and Tonto Basin. These data reflect changes in both
subsistence, technology, land use, and cultural focus over time, as
populations broke their ties to the Phoenix Basin.
THE ROAD TO RUINS IN THE GLOBE HIGHLANDS AND TONTO BASIN: RECONSTRUCTING THE
PAST ALONG STATE ROUTE 88, by Teresa L. Hoffman and Robert J. Stokes
(Archaeological Consulting Services)
Continuing investigations along State Route 88 between Globe-Miami and
Tonto National Monument are yielding significant information on prehistoric
Salado and Hohokam occupations, as well as historic Apache use of the
region. Historic archaeological investigations, supplemented with archival
research and oral histories from local residents, are adding to our
knowledge about the settlement history of the region and the early
development of SR 88 and its role as a transportation corridor for early
settlement and tourism development.
THE APACHE TRAIL, by Michael Sullivan (Tonto National Forest)
It has gone from being a construction haul road to a destination for
tourists. It is considered one of the most historic, scenic roads in the
State. The last great wagon road is about to celebrate its' centennial. ADOT
and the Tonto National Forest are working to make sure the Trail remains a
safe and historic byway for the next one hundred years.
FROM GRANITE TO SANDSTONE: GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE STATE ROUTE 260
PROJECT, by Michael S. Droz and Bruce G. Phillips (Archaeological Consulting
Services, Ltd.)
Spanning the mountainous Transition Zone of central Arizona to the Colorado
Plateau, the State Route 260 projects runs through a variety of rock types.
The western project area is characterized by rolling granitic terrain, the
central portion is dominated by cliff-forming limestone, occasionally
interrupted by conglomerates and quartzite, and sandstone forms the
tablelands above the Mogollon Rim in the east. The character of these
formations and their geologic structure influence topography, land forms,
and geomorphology. These factors were evident at several archaeological
sites investigated across the project corridor. It is possible that geology
and geomorphology influenced the opportunities afforded the early
inhabitants of the area.
BEYOND SNAKETOWN: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON HOHOKAM PREHISTORY IN THE MIDDLE GILA
RIVER VALLEY, by Douglas Craig (Northland Research, Inc.)
Perceptions of early (Pre-Classic) Hohokam prehistory in the Phoenix Basin
have long been dominated by the results of work carried out at Snaketown in
the 1930s and 1960s. Although many other projects have added to or modified
aspects of this work, Snaketown remains the gauge by which the early stages
of Hohokam social evolution are measured. Recent ADOT-sponsored excavations
at the Grewe site, the ancestral village to Casa Grande Ruins, provide the
most detailed look at a large Pre-Classic village since the pioneering work
at Snaketown. The results of the Grewe Archaeological Research Project
(GARP) are summarized and the implications for Hohokam research discussed.
OBSERVATIONS ON SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE PHOENIX BASIN, by Douglas R.
Mitchell, (SWCA Environmental Consultants, Inc.)
Excavations were conducted at a number of small sites in the Phoenix
metropolitan area associated with the SR 202 highway (then known as the East
Papago Freeway) for ADOT. This paper summarizes these excavations with an
emphasis on the two sites of La Lomita and La Lomita Pequena. These sites
lie between the two large village complexes of Pueblo Grande to the east and
La Ciudad to the west. The relationships that existed between field houses,
canals, farmsteads, and hamlets and the large villages during the late
Colonial and Sedentary periods (about A.D. 850 through 1150) are explored.
LA CIUDAD, by Glen E. Rice (Office of Cultural Resource Management, Arizona
State University)
The organization of the activities of the Hohokam household are examined
from Jeffrey Dean's perspective of high frequency and low frequency process
of change. The efforts of ambitious households to gain in size, wealth and
prestige (high frequency processes) served to introduce variability into the
Hohokam system. Other, low frequency process selected for this variability
in various ways dependent on the economic and environmental context in which
they operated. Households should thus have different evolutionary histories
in different parts of the Hohokam landscape, and we ought to find evidence
of that in CRM research projects. Examples from La Ciudad illustrate the
model.
EVALUATING THE LINK BETWEEN BALLCOURT CEREMONIALISM AND POTTERY PRODUCTION
AND EXCHANGE AMONG THE HOHOKAM: SOME RESULTS FROM LAS COLINAS, by David R.
Abbott, Alexa M. Smith, and Emiliano Gallaga (The University of Arizona)
Archaeological research sponsored by the Arizona Department of
Transportation has achieved many significant advancements in the study of
Hohokam prehistory. Among them is the development of techniques to source
Hohokam pottery with remarkable precision and document the organization of
ceramic production and exchange. A previous application of these techniques
with research collections mostly derived from ADOT-sponsored excavation
projects has indicated complex and sophisticated pottery economics during
the Sedentary period, that may have been associated with ballcourt
ceremonialism. Our on-going NSF-funded research is devoted to evaluating
that possible relationship. Our re-analysis of ADOT-project collections from
Las Colinas suggests that the production and distribution of clay containers
was drastically reorganized at the time the Las Colinas ballcourt was
abandoned.
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF ARIZONA'S PETROFACIES MODELS, by James M. Heidke and
Elizabeth J. Miksa, Desert Archaeology, Inc.
Until recently most archaeologists believed that individual household
manufacture was the typical mode of prehistoric ceramic production. That
model is no longer accepted by many, yet it is often difficult to prove or
disprove. In order to address that issue, we have developed the petrofacies
approach to temper characterization during the last two decades. For the
purpose of archaeological study, petrofacies are viewed as sand temper
resource procurement zones whose compositions are distinct from one another.
Each petrofacies bounds a unit of ceramic production space, much like a
cultural phase bounds a unit of ceramic production time. Here we review the
portions of Arizona where petrofacies models have been developed, and the
important contribution that ADOT has made in creating them.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF ARIZONA HIGHWAY ARCHEOLOGY: A VIEW FROM
OUT-OF-STATE, by Owen Lindauer,(Texas Department of Transportation,
Archeological Studies Program)
The historical development of Arizona’s highway archeology program, like
those of other states, is tied to the paradigms of North American
Archeology, transportation and environmental planning programs and
compliance with historic preservation law. While many aspects of the state’s
archeological program correspond with those other states, Arizona departed
from the norm in order to address its varied and unique cultural resources.
From an out-of-state perspective and viewed as an individual state program,
the evolution of Arizona highway archeology is characterized by a high
degree of innovative and ground-breaking methodologies, procedures and
practices applied to a broad range of archeological resources. This paper
presents perspectives from the Texas Department of Transportation, the
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and the Federal Highway
Administration.
PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT, HISTORIC PRESERVATION AND TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS, by
Johna Hutira (Northland Research, Inc.)
Departments of Transportation have been leaders in involving various
publics in archaeological research. The variety of public programs is
discussed as well as their effectiveness.
EMBRACING OUR RHETORIC: A COMMENTARY ON TRIBAL PARTICIPATION IN CRM FROM A
CORNER OF INDIAN COUNTRY by Nina Swidler and David Zimmerman (Navajo Nation
Historic Preservation Department, Roads Planning Program)
Since its inception in 1990, the Roads Planning Program of the Navajo
Nation Historic Preservation Department has been guiding cultural resources
investigations along federally designated roads within the Navajo Nation.
The Program’s charter included an ambitious goal to include tribal
involvement in all aspects of cultural resources investigations in advance
of road construction. Our plan was to include not only the concerns of
tribal governments, but perhaps more importantly, the diverse interests of
tribal members. Following the spirit and words of the 1992 amendments to the
National Historic Preservation Act, Program initiatives strongly encouraged
participation of the Navajo people and the governments and members of
surrounding tribes.
Now thirteen long years down this road, we present a retrospective on
project success and failure, with a commentary on the multifarious factors
contributing to our achievements and those that continue to keep us from
completely realizing our goal.
To conclude, we use our experiences to comment on the future of
anthropologically-oriented CRM, and provide recommendations for fruitful
avenues for collaboration.
A NATIVE AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE ON NAGPRA AND HIGHWAY ARCHAEOLOGY, by Daniel
Preston (Native American Consultant for Cultural Resources)
Speaking as the past vice-chairman of the San Xavier district of the Tohono
O’odham Nation and as a Native American Consultant for Cultural Resources,
Daniel Preston discusses highway archaeology and the development between
Tucson and Phoenix both before and after the implementation of NAGPRA. He
describes past problems with reburials, the way the law has worked, and
suggests future improvements.
TRANSPORTATION ENHANCEMENT FUNDING FOR CULTURAL RESOURCES, by Bob Gasser
(Arizona Department of Transportation, Transportation Enhancement & Scenic
Roads Section)
First known as ISTEA and now as TEA-21, the Transportation Enhancement (TE)
grant program takes 10% of each state's federal STIP funds, and allocates
that money to off-road enhancement projects. In Arizona, the annual TE
allocation is currently about $14.5 million, which goes towards 12 eligible
categories of projects. Archaeological research and planning is an eligible
category as is historic building rehabilitation. Bob will discuss how these
funds have been applied to historic preservation projects throughout
Arizona.
THE ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION ENHANCEMENT FUNDS IN CREATING STATEWIDE CULTURAL
RESOURCE DATABASES, by Beth Grindell (Arizona State Museum)
Archaeological research and planning is one of twelve categories of
projects eligible for funding under the Transportation Enhancement funding
set-asides. This paper will review how Transportation Enhancement Funds have
been used to create or aid in the creation of archaeological databases in
several states.
TAKING THE HIGH ROAD, by Linda Mayro (The Pima County Cultural Resources
Management Program)
"No good deed (or intention) goes unpunished" was a lesson quickly learned
by Pima County in the 1980s. Having taken the "high road" to establish a
policy for the protection of cultural resources in 1983, the Pima County
Department of Transportation nonetheless soon found itself in a difficult
position, in the middle of the Hodges Ruin, where construction was shut down
due to the discovery of a dense area of cultural features. The lesson
learned was that policy, especially well-intentioned policy, means nothing
without a means to implement it. And so began the Pima County Cultural
Resources Management Office. Both political will and freedom to make
professional decisions and judgements have been necessary to develop a broad
program scope and application. This has served to bring cultural resources
issues into the forefront of Pima County public works and land-use planning.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PRESERVATION: THE ROAD LESS TRAVELED, by William H. Doell
(Desert Archaeology, Inc.)
“Preservation in place” can be more than just a throw-away phrase in the
mitigation recommendations of compliance reports. The potentials and the
pitfalls of preservation are brought into sharp focus through a review of
ADOT’s I-10/I-19 Interchange Project, which is still under construction on
Tucson’s south side. True evaluation of preservation efforts can only come
decades or even centuries after the fact. Success will be evidenced by an
intact archaeological record that is able to yield new insights for our
professional descendants. A commitment to achieving such success must become
a core element of the ethics and practice of all archaeologists.
TRENDS IN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE AND THE FUTURE OF HIGHWAY ARCHAEOLOGY, by
Terry H. Klein (Statistical Research Foundation)
Transportation-related archaeological investigations, in addition to other
environmental disciplines, must now operate in a new sea of congressional
mandates and changing compliance procedures. The new regulatory environment
now involves increased public participation, early planning and
consideration of environmental and historic preservation issues,
streamlining of the entire transportation-related environmental and historic
preservation review process, expedited project delivery, and increased
emphasis on the public benefit of all aspects of environmental compliance,
including archaeology. All of these factors affect how archaeology is being
conducted today on highway projects, and will be conducted in the future.
POSTERS
ACS, ADOT, AND ARIZONA ARCHAEOLOGY, 2002-2003, by Archaeological Consulting
Services.
Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) recently completed several
road-related projects, including work along State Route 88/188 in the Globe
area. This ADOT-funded project has produced interesting new data on
prehistoric Salado occupation and use of the highlands, and provided what
may be the first documented evidence of Works Progress Administration (WPA)
activity on the Tonto National Forest (native stone and mortar culverts
along old SR 88). In Phoenix, under contract to URS Corporation, work at Sky
Harbor International Airport produced evidence for prehistoric parallel main
canals, the smaller of which was likely a back up for the larger channel
when it was taken off-line because of flooding or maintenance.
ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE MAZATZAL MOUNTAINS — THE ORD MINE PROJECT REVISITED, by
Richard Ciolek-Torrello (Statistical Research, Inc.)
In early 1982, archaeologists working under contract with ADOT carried out
one of the first intensive studies of the prehistory and history of the
Desert Transition zone between the Phoenix Basin and Mogollon Rim. The
project focused on the study of more than 50 field houses and farmsteads
through survey and excavation, and was aimed at providing a in-depth picture
of small upland farming and plant gathering sites. In the process, some of
the first absolute dates were obtained for the early Classic period
occupation in the region, and detailed information was gathered on
architectural patterns, house function, and plant and stone tool use at
these small sites. These data were to have an important impact on many of
the later studies of small Classic period settlements in nearby Tonto Basin.
In addition, the project uncovered rare information relating to the Middle
Archaic and historical Apache occupations of the Mazatzal Mountains, as well
as Civilian Conservation Corps camps in the region.
BACKHOE DEMOGRAPHY, by Sarah Herr, Jeffery Clark, Deborah Swartz, and Susan
Hall
The backhoe has become indispensable to cultural resource management
projects. Backhoe trenching of archaeological sites facilitates the
discovery of subterranean features. Systematic trenching reveals the spatial
and temporal dimensions of a site, from which room counts and population
sizes can be estimated. Subsequent backhoe horizontal stripping exposes
broad areas and reveals site structure. This includes exposure of large
burial populations, thus permitting reconstruction of population age, sex,
and mortality rate. By revealing archaeological remains at a scale more
substantial than allowed by hand excavation, the backhoe facilitates the
reconstruction of settlement, community, and regional population dynamics.
CONCEPTS OF CULTURE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL & TRIBAL PERSPECTIVES ON SETTLEMENT,
ABANDONMENT, AND MIGRATION, by Nina Swidler and David Eck (Navajo Nation
Historic Preservation Department and New Mexico State Land Office)
Concepts of culture held by many groups cross cut geographic boundaries
used by others to circumscribe them. Archaeological constructs of
prehistoric cultures and culture areas may also have little relationship to
modern cultures claiming descent or affinity with them. The areas and sites
held as ancestral or sacred by living cultures are not necessarily within
their current political control. An example from the southwestern United
States is presented, involving input from Hopi, Navajo, and Zuni.
Archaeological investigations along a road project on Navajo Nation lands
revealed deposits dating to AD 1000 1200. All three tribes participating in
the study claim relationship.
GREWE REVEALED, by Johna Hutira (Northland Research, Inc.)
The Arizona Department of Transportation sponsored excavations at the Grewe
Site, a large Hohokam village located adjacent to Casa Grande Ruins National
Monument. As part of the public involvement program, a CD was produced
containing a 13-minute video chronicling the excavations, the technical
report, a game for K-6 that explores the Grewe site, and information about
archaeological methods and theory.
John A. Giacobbe, RPA
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