Can anyone suggest sources that describe/illustrate black (dark gray) clay
pipes that have a thin white clay slip/glaze? I have fragments from two
different pipes, both have black molded clay bodies with white clay
slip exterior.  One has white slip inside the bowl and the other
does not.  This site is Virginia circa 1790-1812, enslaved laborer
context.  I have also seen a few pipestems of this type in the Caribbean from the same time period.  Iain Walker (1977) mentions "According to Fleming, black clay pipes--sold to negroes--were produced by placing coal-dust in the saggar . . ."  But he didn't give a source for Fleming.  I could send digital images if they would help clarify.

Thanks,
Lori Lee


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