Regarding the empowerment issue, doesn't it seem to be that knowledlge is part and parcel of empowerment. We are knowledgeable but others who contact the woman and baby might ( I'm being conservative) not be and this creates a gap for many . In the case of Deb with shingles, (God bless you), SHE was knowledgeable or knew who to get the knowledge from, so remained empowered. I did a short paper on this concept in my nursing theory class. Is there any way to measure this knowledge or empowerment piece for further research? Just thought I might ask. Cindy Church.