Deena Zimmerman asked for the references about breast shells and Hoffman's exercises being unhelpful for inverted nipples. They are: Alexander JM, Grant AM & Campbell MJ "Randomised controlled trial of breast shells and Hoffman's exercises for inverted and non-protractile nipples" BMJ 304: 1030-1032 1992 The MAIN Trial Collaborative Group "Preparing for breast feeding: treatment of inverted and non-protractile nipples in pregnancy" Midwifery 10: 200-214 1994 Joy Anderson IBCLC Perth, Western Australia [log in to unmask]