Hi Arly et al:
Here is the article...Lois patterson found it for me.
We are a helpful bunch... women showing those 'guys' how the internet can and
should be used.
Mary-Anne Taylor
North Vancouver, B. C.
CANADA
BREASTFEEDING:A FEMINIST ISSUE > 270 lines <
Penny Van Esterik, Coordinator,
WABA Women and Work Taskforce
World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action (WABA)
July 16, 1993
*****************************************************************
* This is a task force draft, currently being reviewed as a *
* WABA activity sheet. (July 1993 note on file) *
*****************************************************************
Breastfeeding is an important women's issue, human rights issue,
and feminist issue, since breastfeeding empowers women and
contributes to gender equality. Women who wish to breastfeed
their babies but cannot - because of inadequate support from
family or health workers, constraints in the workplace, or
misinformation from the infant food industry - are oppressed and
exploited. Groups and individuals interested in fighting for
women's rights and human rights should take action to change this
situation, and recognize breastfeeding as a woman's right.
Women are empowered by asserting the value of both their
productive and reproductive work. Women should never be forced
to make a choice between mother-work and other work. Conditions
supportive to successful nurturing, including breastfeeding, are
conditions which reduce gender subordination generally by
contradicting negative stereotypes of women and emphasizing the
value of women's work.
Why should women's groups put their valuable time and
resources behind breastfeeding campaigns and programs?
1) Breastfeeding requires changes in society to improve the
position and condition of women.
Breastfeeding encourages women's self-reliance by increasing
their confidence in their ability to meet the needs of their
infants. Breastfeeding requires women to have confidence in
themselves, and enough self esteem to protect (or in some
contexts, demand) their rights, including their right to
breastfeed. Women with a positive self image may be less likely
to assume that they do not have enough breastmilk, or that their
breastmilk is of poor quality.
Breastfeeding focuses attention on the need to insure
equality in the distribution of food and other resources within
the household. Since breastfeeding women's nutrient requirements
are higher per unit weight than those of adult men, priority must
be given to breastfeeding women in the distribution of food. In
some societies, women may not receive enough food to insure their
own health and that of their children.
2) Breastfeeding confirms a woman's power to control her
own body, and challenges the male-dominated medical
model and business interests that promote bottle
feeding.
Successful breastfeeding reduces women's dependence on
medical professionals and discourages further medicalization of
infant feeding. The knowledge mothers and midwives have about
infant care and feeding increases in value and importance.
When breastfeeding is highly valued, the social and physical
costs of breastfeeding are more carefully considered. Women's
bodies are finite, and cannot be overburdened without causing
suffering and loss of their productive and reproductive
capacities. Breastfeeding mothers need access to adequate food,
health care, and a supportive environment.
3) Breastfeeding challenges the media model of women as
consumers.
The decision not to spend cash on breastmilk substitutes is
a rejection of a consumption pattern forcing women to rely on
expensive, industrially produced foods. As purchasers of infant
formula, women devalue their own capacities, and seek commercial
solutions to infant feeding. The constant efforts of infant
formula manufacturers to expand their markets for these products
fuels the advertising campaigns directed to women as consumers.
4) Breastfeeding challenges views of the breast as
primarily a sex object.
How did breasts become defined as sex objects for male
pleasure rather than as the source of food and comfort for
children? The sex industry and beauty industry have succeeded in
objectifing women's breasts through media and advertising, making
it difficult for some women to breastfeed in public. When
feeding bottles are used in public for fear of public exposure of
breasts, or when women's reasons for choosing bottle feeding
include fears that breastfeeding will alter the shape of their
breasts, then women are being treated as sex objects. Women's
fears about exposing their breasts are more than confirmed when
North American women are arrested or asked to leave public places
for breastfeeding openly. Thanks to the efforts of women
activists, breastfeeding women are reclaiming their breasts as
valued parts of their bodies and refusing to be treated as sex
objects.
5) Breastfeeding requires a new definition of women's
work - one that more realistically integrates women's
productive and reproductive activities.
In the sexual division of labour, infant care usually falls
to women. It is women who have the capacity to provide food for
their infants, ensuring women's self-reliance and their infants'
survival for the first few months of life. Women give birth and
produce milk. If the work of breastfeeding is valued as
productive work, not a woman's duty, then conditions for its
successful integration with other activities must be arranged.
These arrangements include legislation to provide maternity
leaves and breastfeeding breaks, affordable child care, and other
strategies developed by women workers. A woman-centred
definition of work must take into consideration the importance of
nurturance and caring, including breastfeeding.
6) Breastfeeding encourages solidarity and co-operation
among women at the household, community, national, and
international level.
Within households, women often work together to share child
care and other responsibilities. Other family members can play a
useful role in assisting new mothers by providing advice on
managing breastfeeding and helping with household tasks.
Internationally, women as individuals and as members of
health and consumer organizations have lobbied governments on
behalf of breastfeeding and protested against the commercial
interests that put profit over the wellbeing of mothers and
infants. The campaigns against the promotion of infant formula
mobilized women all over the world to join consumer groups and to
rediscover for themselves how women in developed and developing
countries face many similar problems. Coalitions between women
in developed and developing countries on issues like
breastfeeding are potential opportunities for empowering women
and for identifying common constraints that limit women's power
to care for their children. Men have an important role to play
in changing conditions for women and in changing their own
attitudes toward breastfeeding and women's work.
**************************************************************
WORDS AND ACTION
The meaning of the term feminism is continually contested
and changing. In fact, there is no one "feminism" but a number
of "feminisms". One general definition uses feminism to refer to
theories that explain the causes of women's oppression and
actions that seek the "eradication of gender subordination and of
other forms of social and economic oppression based on nation,
class, or ethnicity (Sen and Grown 1987:18). A number of Asian
activists and academics agreed upon the following definition of
feminism: "An awareness of women's oppression and exploitation in
society, at work and within the family, and conscious action by
women and men to change this situation" (Bhasin and Khan 1986:2).
I'M NOT A FEMINIST, BUT.....
I'M A FEMINIST, BUT.....
NO BUTS! BREASTFEEDING EMPOWERS WOMEN!
REFERENCES
Sen, G. and C. Grown. 1987. " Development, Crises, and
Alternative Visions". New York: Monthly Review Press.
Bhasin, K.. and N.S. Khan. 1986. "Some Questions on Feminism and
its Relevance in South Asia". New Delhi: Indraprastha Press.
*****************************************************************
What can Women's Groups do?
1. Campaign for politicians who support policies that help
breastfeeding mothers.
2. Lobby national commissions on women and status of women
groups to include breastfeeding in their action plans.
3. Boycott products whose advertising on TV and in magazines
uses women's breasts as promotional tools.
4. Make sure that female babies are breastfed and given
complementary foods as often as male babies.
5. Encourage artists to present paintings, photographs, poems,
and plays celebrating the power of maternity and
breastfeeding, and the beauty of breasts.
6. Welcome breastfeeding mothers at women's meetings and
seminars, and provide child care facilities.
7. Ask key women in public office to endorse World
Breastfeeding Week and to include breastfeeding messages in
their speeches.
How does Breastfeeding fit with other Women's Issues?
1. Human Rights
By focusing on enabling women to breastfeed we address women's
rights since the improvement of women's social and economic
status is necessary for supporting breastfeeding. Any violation
of women's right to breastfeed is a violation of women's human
rights.
2. Reproductive Health
Breastfeeding helps child spacing and reduces the risks of
ovarian and breast cancers.
3. Violence against Women
Pregnant and lactating women are particularly vulnerable to
abuse. Obstacles to breastfeeding such as inappropriate hospital
practices and promotion of infant formula are also examples of
violence against women.
4. Sisterhood is powerful
Mother-to-mother support among breastfeeding women is the most
important gift one woman can give to another.
5. The Right to Education
Women with higher education are more likely to breastfeed.
Education empowers women to ask questions, challenge the health
care system, and demand a supportive environment for
breastfeeding.
6. Women and Work
As more women enter the formal sector and increase their earning
power, they are demanding more child care facilities and
opportunities to continue breastfeeding. Productivity and work
satisfaction increases.
Backlash!
Some feminists have criticized breastfeeding advocates,
arguing that they want to tie women down, and keep them at home
to feed babies and change dirty diapers. This is not the case.
Women's groups must make sure that their efforts on behalf of
breastfeeding are not used by traditionalists and conservative
policy makers against women's interests. How can this be done?
-request that policy makers consult with women's groups before
breastfeeding legislation is drafted.
-recognize that breastfeeding is an emotional issue for many
women and develop strategies for framing the issue in non-
judgemental ways.
-plan how to counter possible negative effects such as employers
threatening to fire women rather than provide maternity
entitlements.
-insure that breastfeeding campaigns stress the welfare of both
the mother and child.
*****************************************************************
* If you have Comments, Questions or Queries, Contact: *
*---------------------------------------------------------------*
* WOMEN AND WORK TASK FORCE *
* WORLD ALLIANCE FOR BREASTFEEDING ACTION (WABA) *
* York Centre for Health Studies, York University *
* 4700 Keele Street, North York, Ontario, M3J 1P3, CANADA *
* Coordinator: Penny Van Esterik, Tel +416.736.5941 *
* Fax +416.736.5986, Email: c/o [log in to unmask] *
*****************************************************************
.
UUENCODED by Trumpet
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`
end
END--cut here--cut here----
|
