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Subject:
From:
Kate Hallberg <[log in to unmask]>
Reply To:
Lactation Information and Discussion <[log in to unmask]>
Date:
Fri, 31 Mar 2000 19:28:19 -0800
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text/plain
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I was looking for this a month or two ago, and
couldnt' find it.  Here is a partial bibliography on
this.  still nomail so if you need to get in touch-
mailto:[log in to unmask]

> [Bilirubin in the early neonatal period. Is there a
> positive aspect of
> hyperbilirubinemia?--A medical hypothesis].
> [Article in German]
>
> Bervoets K, Schlenzig JS, Bohles H
> Zentrum der Kinderheilkunde, Allgemeine Padiatrie I,
> Universitat
> Frankfurt/M.
>
> The fact that almost all neonates exhibit a
> "physiological" jaundice,
> prompts the question whether bilirubin, usually
> exclusively considered
> a potentially toxic endproduct of the metabolism of
> heme, might not
> also have a positive task in the first days of life.
> A recently
> discovered property of bilirubin under in vitro
> conditions is its
> ability to combine with free oxygen radicals such as
> are produced in
> the oxidative metabolic processes of the neonate
> immediately following
> birth. In the present article, the concept of the
> anti-oxidative
> effect of bilirubin, and its translation to the
> early neonatal period
> is presented and discussed on the basis of a number
> of examples.
>
> Fortschr Med 1994 May 10;112(13):192-4
>
>
> [Bilirubin in the early neonatal period. Is there a
> positive aspect of
> hyperbilirubinemia?--A medical hypothesis].
> [Article in German]
>
> Bervoets K, Schlenzig JS, Bohles H
> Zentrum der Kinderheilkunde, Allgemeine Padiatrie I,
> Universitat
> Frankfurt/M.
>
> The fact that almost all neonates exhibit a
> "physiological" jaundice,
> prompts the question whether bilirubin, usually
> exclusively considered
> a potentially toxic endproduct of the metabolism of
> heme, might not
> also have a positive task in the first days of life.
> A recently
> discovered property of bilirubin under in vitro
> conditions is its
> ability to combine with free oxygen radicals such as
> are produced in
> the oxidative metabolic processes of the neonate
> immediately following
> birth. In the present article, the concept of the
> anti-oxidative
> effect of bilirubin, and its translation to the
> early neonatal period
> is presented and discussed on the basis of a number
> of examples.
>
>  Hua Hsi I Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1993
> Mar;24(1):67-70
>
>
> [The influence of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia on
> neonatal behavior].
> [Article in Chinese]
>
> Wang X, Tang Z, Yao Y, Tang A
> Two groups of neonates, 30 cases with
> hyperbilirubinemia (307.8 +/-
> 99.86 mumol/L) and 30 normal newborns (control group
> with bilirubin
> 80.37 +/- 35.74 mumol/L), were evaluated with
> Neonatal Behavioral
> Assessment Scale (NBAS) and followed up at the age
> of 2 months and 5
> months. All cases in the two groups were evaluated
> with NBAS at ages
> of 2-3 days, 12-14 days and 26-28 days. The results
> showed that there
> were statistically significant differences between
> the two groups in
> the aspects of attention and social responsiveness,
> the ability to
> modulate state of consciousness, the motor integrity
> and the reflexes.
> We also found that while the level of bilirubin was
> below 205.2
> mumol/L, there was no correlation between the level
> of bilirubin and
> NBAS (r = -0.095, P > 0.02), but when bilirubin was
> at or above the
> level of 205.2 mumol/L, there was significant
> negative correlation (r
> = -0.53, P < 0.001) between the two. The follow-up
> revealed that 9 of
> 23 jaundiced infants had abnormal auditory reactions
> or abnormal
> muscle tonus at the age of 2 months; 8 of the 9
> infants recovered, but
> 1 still had abnormal muscle tonus by the age of 5
> months. The study
> suggests that hyperbilirubinemia above the level of
> 205.2 mumol/L
> would affect neonatal behavior and the greater the
> severity of
> jaundice, the more significant the influence on
> neonatal behavior. The
> effects on some jaundiced infants may last 5 months
> or more. NBAS is a
> valuable scale for early detection of mild brain
> dysfunctions which
> are less obvious on clinical examination.
>
> Arch Fr Pediatr 1993 Nov;50(9):733-4
> [Has bilirubin protective effects in newborn
> infants]?
>
> Science 1987 Feb 27;235(4792):1043-6

>
> Bilirubin is an antioxidant of possible
> physiological importance.
>
> Stocker R, Yamamoto Y, McDonagh AF, Glazer AN, Ames
> BN
> Bilirubin, the end product of heme catabolism in
> mammals, is generally
> regarded as a potentially cytotoxic, lipid-soluble
> waste product that
> needs to be excreted. However, it is here that
> bilirubin, at
> micromolar concentrations in vitro, efficiently
> scavenges peroxyl
> radicals generated chemically in either homogeneous
> solution or
> multilamellar liposomes. The antioxidant activity of
> bilirubin
> increases as the experimental concentration of
> oxygen is decreased
> from 20% (that of normal air) to 2% (physiologically
> relevant
> concentration). Furthermore, under 2% oxygen, in
> liposomes, bilirubin
> suppresses the oxidation more than alpha-tocopherol,
> which is regarded
> as the best antioxidant of lipid peroxidation. The
> data support the
> idea of a "beneficial" role for bilirubin as a
> physiological,
> chain-breaking antioxidant.
>
> Clin Perinatol 1990 Jun;17(2):359-69
>
>
> Is bilirubin good for you?
>
> McDonagh AF
> Department of Medicine, University of California,
> San Francisco.
>
> Bilirubin is generally considered to be a
> diagnostically useful,
> sometimes toxic, metabolic waste product--and
> nothing more. Many
> studies, however, summarized in this article, have
> shown that
> bilirubin is an effective lipid-soluble antioxidant
> in vitro, even at
> physiologic concentrations, vying with even vitamin
> E in its ability
> to intercept and inhibit free radical chain
> reactions that generate
> hazardous lipid peroxides. These studies suggest
> that bilirubin may
> have a biochemical function in vivo and belong to a
> group of
> low-molecular weight antioxidants that together
> provide protection
> from cellular damage by endogenous-organic free
> radicals. Dovetailing
> with the notion that bilirubin may have a protective
> function is the
> recent discovery that heme oxygenase, one of the
> enzymes responsible
> for bilirubin formation, is a heat-shock protein,
> one of a group of
> proteins that are thought to protect organisms from
> oxidative and
> other forms of biochemical stress. Thus, the
> biochemical path from red
> to green to yellow may defend as well as degrade,
> and modest levels of
> the end product may possibly be physiologically
> beneficial.


=====
Kate Hallberg, mom to Ursula (5!) and Sage (2.5) http://www.cs.colorado.edu/~kolina/advantages-of-formula.html
http://www.bowman.org/  Two reasons I left the Bay Area :-O

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