Kero J, Gissler M, Gronlund MM, Kero P, KoskinenP, Hemminki E, Isolauri
E Mode of delivery and asthma -- is there a connection? Pediatr Res
2002 (Jul); 52 (1): 6-11
"In conclusion, these results suggest that caesarean section delivery
may be associated with an increased prevalence of atopic asthma."
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/
query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12084840&dopt=Abstract
Smith GC, Wood AM, White IR, Pell JP, Cameron AD, Dobbie R. Neonatal
respiratory morbidity at term and the risk of childhood asthma. Arch
Dis Child. 2004 Oct;89(10):956-60.
CONCLUSIONS: Neonatal respiratory morbidity at term is associated with
an increased risk of asthma in childhood which may explain previously
described associations between caesarean delivery and later asthma.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/
query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15383441
Hakansson S, Kallen K. Caesarean section increases the risk of hospital
care in childhood for asthma and gastroenteritis. Clin Exp Allergy.
2003 Jun;33(6):757-64.
CONCLUSION: There is a significant increase of the risk for developing
symptoms of asthma and/or gastroenteritis that motivates admission for
hospital care in CS children older than 1 year. It is speculated that a
disturbed intestinal colonization pattern in CS children may be a
common pathogenic factor.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/
query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12801309
Bager P, Melbye M, Rostgaard K, Benn CS, Westergaard T. Mode of
delivery and risk of allergic rhinitis and asthma. J Allergy Clin
Immunol. 2003 Jan;111(1):51-6.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings do not support the hypothesis that cesarean
section or other complicated modes of delivery are associated with the
development of allergic rhinitis. However, there might be a positive
association with development of asthma--in particular, for cesarean
section--that was not explained by gestational age, birth weight,
ponderal index, smallness for gestational age, parity, maternal age, or
occupation.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/
query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12532096
Xu B, Pekkanen J, Hartikainen AL, Jarvelin MR. Caesarean section and
risk of asthma and allergy in adulthood. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001
Apr;107(4):732-3.
Conclusions: Caesarean section had a strong effect on current
doctor-diagnosed asthma in adulthood with an adjusted odds ratio (OR)
of 3.23 (95% CI 1.53, 6.80). However, no substantial effects were
observed for atopy, hay fever, and atopic eczema.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/
query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11295666
Xu B, Pekkanen J, Jarvelin MR. Obstetric complications and asthma in
childhood. J Asthma. 2000;37(7):589-94.
"The results encourage further evaluation of the association between
obstetric complications and risk of asthma among children in other
populations, and further exploration of possible mechanisms underlying
the association."
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/
query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11059526
Also found: Sütas Y The role of mode of delivery in atopy: elective
caesarean section delivery impairs the capacity to generate IgA and IL
12 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, 55th Annual
Meeting March 15,1999
******
About ADD:
Boksa P, El-Khodor BF. Birth insult interacts with stress at adulthood
to alter dopaminergic function in animal models: possible implications
for schizophrenia and other disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2003
Jan-Mar;27(1-2):91-101.
Altered subcortical dopaminergic activity is thought to be involved
in the pathophysiology of several disorders including schizophrenia,
substance abuse and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Epidemiological studies have implicated perinatal insults, particularly
obstetric complications involving fetal or neonatal hypoxia, as
etiological risk factors for schizophrenia. This suggests the
possibility that perinatal hypoxia might have lasting effects on
dopaminergic function. In animal models, dopaminergic systems appears
to be particularly vulnerable to a wide range of perinatal insults,
resulting in persistent alterations in function of mesolimbic and
mesostriatal pathways. This review summarizes recent work
characterizing long-term changes in dopaminergic function and
biochemistry in models of Caesarean section (C-section) birth and of
C-section birth with added global anoxia in the rat and guinea pig.
C-section birth and C-section with anoxia appear to be two distinct
hypoxic birth insults, with somewhat differing patterns of lasting
effects on dopamine systems. In addition, birth insult alters the
manner in which dopaminergic function is regulated by stress at
adulthood. The possible relevance of these finding to effects of human
birth procedures is discussed.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/
query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12732226
*********
To be fair I also found these: Maitra A, Sherriff A, Strachan D,
Henderson J; ALSPAC Study Team. Mode of delivery is not associated
with asthma or atopy in childhood. Clin Exp Allergy. 2004
Sep;34(9):1349-55.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/
query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15347366
-and-
McKeever TM, Lewis SA, Smith C, Hubbard R. Mode of delivery and risk of
developing allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002
May;109(5):800-2.
"We found no convincing evidence to suggest that babies born by
caesarean, forceps, or breech delivery had an increased risk of
developing allergic disease."
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/
query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11994703
*********
And to be fair, and to make it breastfeeding-related, maybe having a
c-section increases the risk of not initiating breastfeeding or not
breastfeeding long enough and that increases the rates of asthma and
ADD.
Katie Bredbeck
"The Truth will set you free. But first, it will piss you off."
Gloria Steinham
On Thursday, December 2, 2004, at 10:02 PM, [log in to unmask] wrote:
> What about studies showing that C-section kids are more likely to have
> asthma? ADD? etc?
> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
> I have never heard of any such studies. Please enlighten me.
>
> Nancy
> Nancy E. Wight MD, IBCLC, FABM, FAAP
> Neonatologist, Sharp Mary Birch Hospital for Women and Children's
> Hospital
> Medical Director, Sharp HealthCare Lactation Services
> San Diego, CA
> [log in to unmask]
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