Kuschel, C.A., & Harding, J.E. (2004).  Multicomponent fortified human milk
for promoting growth in preterm infants.  Cochrane Database of Systematic
Reviews, 1, CD000343.
- Concluded that adding fortification to mother's milk increased short-term
weight gain and body growth, but found no long-term benefits.

Premji, S., Fenton, T., & Sauve, R. (2006).  Does Amount of Protein in
Formula Matter for Low-Birthweight Infants?  A Cochrane Systemic Review.
JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 30(6), 507-514.
- Noted that although preemies receiving fortified human milk grew faster,
"this benefit could not be weighted against the adverse consequences of
elevated blood urea nitrogen levels and increased metabolic acidosis and
neurodevelopmental abnormalities".

Funkquist, E.L., Tuverno, T., Jonsson, B., Serenius, F., & Hedberg-Nyqvist,
K. (2006)  Growth and breastfeeding among low birth weight infants fed with
or without protein enrichment of human milk.  Upsala Journal of Medical
Sciences, 111(1), 97-108.
- Found that although the babies who received fortifiers grew faster, there
was also more illness in the fortified group and that exclusive
breastfeeding led to later improvement in growth.

Ogechi, A.A., William, O., & Fidelia, B.T. (2007).  Hindmilk and weight gain
in preterm very low birthweight infants. Pediatrics International, 49(2),
156-160.
- Hindmilk feeding has been used successfully to increase preterm weight
gain in both developed and developing countries.

Bishara, R., Dunn, M.S., Merko, S.E., & Darling, P. (2008).  Nutrient
composition of hindmilk produced by mothers of very low birth weight infants
born at less than 28 weeks' gestation.  Journal of Human Lactation, 24(2),
159-167.
- Found that because vitamins A and E are concentrated in fat, preterm
babies receiving both hindmilk feeding and fortifiers may receive more than
the recommended amounts of vitamins A and E.

All of the above from Breastfeeding Answers Made Simple, Nancy Mohrbacher,
2010.  Lots more information in the book.

Ingrid Tilstra
LLLL, IBCLC

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