Listmates,
I will cut and paste below plenty of references on fasting in labor. I
wrote an article on this topic in 1999, so I have those references at hand.
I have not seen any research studies on the effects of maternal fasting on
the fetus and newborn. I suspect they do not exist.
I think it is safe to say that there is NO evidence that maternal
fasting causes the newborn to be born "starving" and it is certainly a leap
of logic (if you could call it that) to say that newborns need to be
supplemented with formula because of maternal fasting!
As Jean correctly pointed out, IV hydration with large amounts of
glucose solutions CAN cause rebound hypoglycemia in the newborn. For this
reason, most hospitals use a non-glucose containing IV solution to
administer large amounts of fluids quickly (like prior to an epidural). To
avoid newborn complications, the glucose containing solutions are generally
usually used only as a maintenance IV, administering small amounts every
hour. For those who are interested, here are the references.
Martha Sleutel, RN, MSN, CNS, doctoral candidate
Berry, H. (1997). Feast or famine? Oral intake during labour: Current
evidence and practice. British Journal of Nurse Midwifery, 5(7), 413-417.
Broach, J., & Newton, N. (1988). Food and beverages in labor. Part II: The
effects of cessation of oral intake during labor. Birth, 15(2), 88-92.
Carp, H., Jayaram, A., & Stoll, M. (1992). Ultrasound examination of stomach
contents of parturients. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 74, 683-687.
Elkington, K. (1991). At the water's edge: Where obstetrics and anesthesia
meet. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 77(3), 304-308.
Ewah, B., Yau, K., King, M., Reynolds, F., Carson, R. J., & Morgan, B.
(1993). Effect of epidural opioids on gastric emptying in labour.
International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia, 2, 125-128.
Gabbe, S. (1988). Commentary: Current practices of intravenous fluid
administration may cause more harm than good. Birth, 15(2), 73-74.
Hawkins, J., Koonin, L., Palmer, S., & Gibbs, C. (1997). Anesthesia related
deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990.
Anesthesiology, 86(2), 277-284.
Hazle, N. R. (1996). Hydration in labor: Is routine intravenous hydration
necessary? Journal of Nurse-Midwifery, 31(4), 171-176.
Kelly, M., Carabine, U., Hill, D., & Mirakhur, R. (1997). A comparison of
the
effect of intrathecal and extradural Fentanyl on gastric emptying in
laboring women. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 85(4), 834-838.
Keppler, A. (1988). The use of intravenous fluids during labor. Birth,
15(2), 75-79.
Leavitt, J. (1986). Brought to bed: Childbearing in America 1750-1950,
Oxford University Press.
Ludka, L., & Roberts, C. (1993). Eating and drinking in labor. A literature
review. Journal of Nurse-Midwifery, 38(4), 199-207.
McKay, S., & Mahan, C. (1988). How can aspiration of stomach contents in
obstetrics best be prevented? Birth, 15(4), 222-229.
Mendelson, C. L. (1946). The aspiration of stomach contents into the lungs
during obstetric anesthesia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
52, 191-205.
Michael, S. & Reilly, C. S. (1991). Policies for oral intake during labour:
A survey of maternity units in England and Wales. Anesthesia, 46(12),
1071-1073.
Newton, C. & Champion, P. (1997). Oral intake in labour: Nottingham's policy
formulated and audited. British Journal of Midwifery, 5(7), 418-422.
Newton, N., Newton, M., & Broach, B. (1988). Psychological, physical,
nutritional, and technologic aspects of intravenous infusion during labor.
Birth, 15(2), 67-72.
O'Sullivan, G. (1994). The stomach-fact and fantasy: Eating and drinking
during labor. International Anesthesiology Clinics, 32(2), 31-44.
O'Sullivan, G., Sutton, A., Thompson, S., Carrie, L., & Bullinham, R.
(1987). Noninvasive measurement of gastric emptying in obstetric patients.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, 66, 505-511.
Roberts, C. C. & Ludka, L. M. (1994). Food for thought: The debate over
eating and drinking in labor. Childbirth Instructor, 4((2), 24-29.
Rooks, J., Weatherby, N., Ernst, E., Stapleton, S., Rosen, D., & Rosenfeld,
A. (1989). Outcomes of care in birth centers. The national birth center
study. New England Journal of Medicine, 321(26), 1804-1811.
Rowe, T. (1997). Acute gastric aspiration: Prevention and treatment.
Seminars in Perinatology, 21(4), 313-319.
Sharp, D. (1997). Restrictions of oral intake for women in labour. British
Journal of Midwifery, 5(7), 408-412.
Sleutel, M. (1999). Fasting in labor: Relic or requirement? Journal of
Obstetric Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing, 28(5), 507-512.
Smith, I. D., & Bogod, D. (1995). Feeding in labour. Bailliere's Clinical
Anesthesiology, 9(4), 735-747.
Soreide, E. (1997). Prevention of aspiration pneumonitis in the obstetric
patient. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavia (110), 23-24.
Wertz, D., & Wertz, R. (1977). Lying-In: A history of childbirth in America.
New York: Free Press.
Wright, P., Allen, R., Moore, J., & Donnelly, J. (1992). Gastric emptying
during lumbar extradural analgesia in labour: Effect of fentanyl
supplementation. British Journal of Anaisthesia, 68, 248-251.
Zimmerman, D., Breen, R., & Fick, G. (1996). Adding fentanyl 0.002% to
epidural bupivacaine 0.125% does not delay gastric emptying in parturients.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, 82, 612-616.
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