Carol mentioned the possibility of endorphins being reduced when mothers 
receive intrapartum medications. You will be happy (or perhaps that's 
unhappy?) to learn that it isn't theory .. it's true.

Zanardo V; Nicolussi S; Carlo G; Marzari F; Faggian D; Favaro F; Plebani M. 
(2001) Beta Endorphin Concentrations in Human Milk. Journal of Pediatric 
Gastroenterology & Nutrition. 33(2):160-164.

Zanardo V; Nicolussi S; Carlo G; Marzari F; Faggian D; Favaro F; Plebani M. 
(2001) Labor Pain Effects on Colostral Milk Beta-Endorphin Concentrations 
of Lactating Mothers. Biology of the Neonate; 79:87-90

Raisanen I, Paatero H, Salminen K, Laatikainen T. (1984) Pain and plasma 
beta-endorphin level during labor. Obstet Gynecol.; 64(6):783-6.

Denise

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Denise Fisher
Health e-Learning
http://www.health-e-learning.com
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