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Subject:
From:
Pamela Morrison <[log in to unmask]>
Reply To:
Lactation Information and Discussion <[log in to unmask]>
Date:
Wed, 2 Apr 2003 21:35:36 +0200
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Pam

Here is an excerpt I wrote about freezing breastmilk to inactive HIV for an
article published in 1999 (Ref:  Morrison P. HIV and infant feeding: to
breastfeed or not to breastfeed: the dilemma of competing risks, Part 1.
Breastfeeding Review 1999;7(2):5-13
Part 2. Breastfeeding Review 1999;7(3):11-19.)  You'll see that I
hypothesize and call for research.  I haven't seen any later articles which
mention the use of frozen EBM and HIV.
------------------------------
FROZEN HUMAN MILK

It is hypothesized that freezing affects lipids in human milk by breaking
down fat globule membranes, decreasing the size of the fat globules, and
therefore increasing the surface available for lipase activity.   Although
there is some loss of immunological components during freezing, which
destroys living cells in the milk, some  remain intact, and frozen human
milk provides more advantages to the infant than commercially manufactured
cow's milk based formulas.

In 1989 it was reported  that another enveloped virus, similar to the HIV
virus, the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1 virus),  which is
also spread through blood, sexual activity and breastfeeding ,and which is
also nearly always fatal,  is killed when human milk is frozen to -20
degrees C (0 degrees F) and thawed.   Thus a mother who is HTLV+ may safely
use this "freeze-and-thaw" method of feeding her own expressed breastmilk
to her baby.  (Ando et al, l989)  In a study done to determine the safety
of pasteurization of human milk, it was found that cell-free HIV was
destroyed after sitting at O degrees C for 30 minutes and the titer of HIV
infected cells was considerably reduced (Orloff et al 1993).

We need to know whether freezing and thawing will also kill the HIV
virus.  If so, previously frozen and thawed breastmilk would provide a
safer alternative to formula feeding for  the HIV-infected mother with
access to a refrigerator/freezer.
--------------------------
Refs cited:
Ando Y, Kakimoto K, Tanigawa T, Furuki K, Saito K, Nakano S, Hashimoto H,
Moriyama I, Ichijo M Toyama T 1989,  Effect of freeze-thawing breast milk
on vertical HTLV-1 transmission from seropositive mothers to children.  Jap
J Cancer Res  80:405-07.

Orloff SL, Wallingford JC, McDougal JS 1993,  Inactivation of human
immunodeficiency virus type 1 in human milk: effects of intrinsic factors
in human milk and of pasteurization. J Hum Lact 9(1):13-17.


Hope this helps a little.

Pamela Morrison IBCLC
Harare, Zimbabwe


Date: Tue, 1 Apr 2003 12:24:03 -0500
From: "Pam Hirsch, RN, BSN, CLC" <[log in to unmask]>
Subject: HIV, Hep A,B,&C, CMV - Destroyed by Freezing?
Hi, All: Does anyone know if HIV, Hepatits A,B&C and CMV(cytomegalovirus)
are destroyed by freezing for several days in refrigerator freezer? All
the information I have discusses heat pasteurization, not freezing. Thanks
for your input.
Pam Hirsch, RN,BSN,CLC


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